The Story Behind the Keyboard That's Used Every Day

by Dellany Onyango age, 9

In the late 19th century, the novel invention of the QWERTY keyboard changed the way of typing for decades to come. As the use of typewriters grew in popularity by journalists, poets, and other writers, the QWERTY keyboard became the standard. It is now the most common keyboard layout used, including on cell phones.

In the 1860s, Christopher Sholes, Samuel W. Soule, and Carlos Glidden, collaboratively created and patented the first commercially successful manual typewriter. This typewriter came with the QWERTY keyboard as the default. The keyboard was named after the first six letters on the top row of the keyboard which are q, w, e, r, t, y. The patent to this typewriter was then sold to a company by the name of E. Remington & Sons. This mechanical machine became commonly known as the Remington Typewriter.

There have been several attempts to create alternative keyboard layouts. The Dvorak keyboard was made in the 1930’s by Professor August Dvorak and gained some public popularity. However, it could not stand up to the widespread QWERTY keyboard. [Read More]

How Do I Dispose of Electronics in Wisconsin?

by Owen Ayite-Atayi, age 17

Many City of Madison residents may have been disposing of their TVs, computers, and electronics in the recycling bin, assuming it’s the proper method. However, they may not realize that there are designated drop-off sites or private electronics recyclers in the Madison area.

Items that must be recycled by state law are printers, phones, TVs, video players, computers, and accessories. Other recyclable items include cords, stereos, gaming systems, cameras, and MP3 players. Once these items are thrown out, they are recycled by Universal Recycling Technologies at their facility in Janesville, WI. This facility holds numerous certifications for protective, secure data destruction when recycling old electronics.

Many people wonder, “Do you have to pay to recycle your electronics?” The answer is no – electronic recycling is completely free. Although recycling electronics is free, there are fees for recycling large electronics or if electronics are simply left on the curbsides of driveways. Residents are charged a $30 fee and city of Madison staff have the right to remove the items if they are improperly disposed. [Read More]

Online Safety Experts and Parents Raise Concerns About Apple App Store

by Kevin Chen, age 17

For many parents, Apple’s App Store has been a trusted platform for their children to download apps. However, new research highlights serious concerns about the app’s ability to keep children safe. Despite parental controls and age ratings, inappropriate apps continue to be marketed to kids, which raises questions about the effectiveness of Apple’s review process.

Stacy Ann Sipes, a mother who used Apple’s parental control settings to protect her 14-year-old daughter, told The Wall Street Journal that Apple’s safety features didn’t keep her safe. Her daughter downloaded a gaming app that focused on weight loss, where players send their character to the gym or purchase a waist-training corset using digital coins. Currently, her daughter is suffering from an eating disorder. Sipes’ story reflects broader concerns about how Apple rates apps for children.

According to a report by the Heat Initiative and ParentsTogether, nearly 200 apps rated for children contained inappropriate content. These included apps for dieting, circumventing banned sites, beauty filters, violent or sexual games, and anonymous chat. Some specific apps were flagged in the report for promoting harmful behavior. For example, FaceMax used AI to rate the attractiveness level of the user’s photo, targeting customers aged 9 and older. Another app, Spin the Bottle: Maybe You?, encourages users to sit at a virtual table to meet new people, flirt, and chat. Both apps have already been removed from the app store. [Read More]

What Is Bluetooth? Exploring Its Uses and Security Tips

by Aarosh Subedi, age 11

Bluetooth is a form of technology that connects devices without the need for cables or wires. There are several interesting aspects of Bluetooth.

Through Bluetooth, multiple devices can communicate with each other. Bluetooth capability in devices is now commonly an electronic “standard,” meaning manufacturers and companies typically incorporate specific requirements to allow other devices to interact with and recognize their products via Bluetooth.

A large number of personal electronic devices (PEDs) utilize Bluetooth technology. For example, people can operate computers with a wireless keyboard or use a wireless headset for phone calls. These are just a few examples of Bluetooth technology in daily life. [Read More]

Glass Technology Through the Ages

by Aubrey Bevenue, age 13

Glassmaking is a complicated process and it has changed over the course of thousands of years. It has been in use since the first glazed objects that were made in the Eastern Mediterranean region over five thousand years ago. In the 18th-century, Venice and London were renowned for their high-quality glass and works of art. In the 19th and 20th centuries mechanization made glass an easy-to-use material for bottles and containers.

In 2050 BCE, the Egyptians made pottery objects decorated with faience, which is a blue glazed mixture of sand and a mineral that contained calcium oxide called ‘lime.’ Faience began in Egypt in the predynastic times (3000 BCE). These faience objects were treasured in Egyptian society.

Up until 1500 BCE, glass working was not developed enough to make entire containers. But at some point new techniques were invented. Vessels were created by dipping a bag filled with sand into melted glass, which would coat the bags of sand and take its shape. Once the glass was ready, the sand core would be emptied. By the 9th century the Phoenicians were trading glass objects all around the eastern Mediterranean. [Read More]

Scientists See Traces of Ancient Mayan City in Southern Mexico Using Laser-sensor Technology

by Ayelen Flores, age 14

Scientists have discovered an ancient Mayan city using laser-sensor technology. Although the jungle was dense near the city, the technology was surprisingly able to detect the mysterious ruins.

The Mayan civilization existed in tropical lands in what is now Guatemala, Honduras, and southern Mexico. The Mayan people were a powerful group that influenced other civilizations alongside their people in the sixth century. The Mayans were known for their fascinating agricultural work, pottery, writing, and mathematics. The civilization slowly started fading away, and the great stone cities were abandoned by A.D. 900. The Mayans left many impressive architectural feats and artwork.

Using Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data collected in 2013, archaeologists spotted what looked like a city in the dense jungle in southern Mexico earlier this year. The scientists were able to identify structures that look like temples, platforms, housing units, and agricultural terraces. Scientists said the different structures could date back to A.D. 250 and 900 with this data. Soon after, it was determined to be a lost city and was named after a nearby lagoon called Valeriana. [Read More]

Koenigsegg Jesko Absolut Sets New World Speed Records

by Juan Esteban Palma, age 12

The Koenigsegg Jesko Absolut is the fastest car in the world. This car can go up to 330 miles per hour! This is impressive because the previous top speed was 200 mph. The Jesko Absolut is a great model for future cars that want to achieve high speeds.

The Koenigsegg Jesko Absolut has already broken four world records with its speed and performance. The Koenigsegg set one record by going from 0 to 250 and back to 0 in 27.83 seconds. Only 125 Jesko Absoluts were ever made. This amazing car was sold for the price of $3 million.

The car’s speed is rooted in its 5.0 liter V8 engine. This engine is outfitted with two turbochargers to give it even more power. The Jesko Absolut’s jet-like design gives low air resistance letting the car go much faster. [Read More]

Brain Wave Technology Could Help Assess Concussion Severity

by Kevin Chen, age 15

Researchers in Texas have discovered a new technology that could use brain waves to detect the severity of a concussion and compare injuries in a standardized way. Known as magnetoencephalography (MEG), this technology may offer a way for doctors to evaluate and quantify the seriousness of concussions by measuring brain waves, potentially indicating the healing progress of a concussion.

Primarily employed in planning epilepsy surgeries, MEG scans the brain for various frequencies of waves, including delta waves with a frequency of one to four hertz. Typically, a person's brain frequency falls within the range of 13 to 30 hertz, known as beta waves. Researchers observed that individuals with concussions exhibited unusual delta waves, leading them to consider MEG as a new avenue for concussion detection. [Read More]

Madison Students Revive Wisconsin History with Modern-Made Birch Bark Canoe

by Camila Cruz, age 16

Students are using modern technology to build a Native American birch bark canoe; in doing so, they're keeping a part of Wisconsin history alive. In a new class offered through a partnership with the local office of the Ho-Chunk Nation, Madison junior high and high school students built a plywood reconstruction of the boats used by Wisconsin tribes for centuries.

Gene Delcourt, a woodshop instructor, directed the class. He learned the skill from a German YouTuber and a master Ojibwe canoe maker. Delcourt previously studied the art of canoe making when he traveled to Lac du Flambeau in 2021 and learned from expert builder Wayne Valliere of the Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa. Delcourt had also built three canoes at a Monona alternative school.

The Android vs. iPhone Divide

by Kelly Vazquez, age 18

There is a heated debate, primarily between teenagers and young adults, regarding the choice of mobile phones. In these debates, Androids are, more often than not, put down despite being the most commonly used worldwide.

Kira, a 15-year-old, reveals that she owns an iPhone because it's the popular choice among her friends, and she doesn't want to feel left out. Kira's experience with peer pressure to own an iPhone is not unique. According to Melissa Jones, a former teacher from Indiana, it's not just the type of phone that matters to students; it's also how "up-to-date" the phone is perceived to be. [Read More]

Wisconsin History and the Invention of Typewriters

by Sedona Afeworki, age 15

Christopher Latham Sholes created the first practical typewriter in 1874, right here in Wisconsin.

He was born in Pennsylvania in 1819 after finishing his apprenticeship in newspapering and moved to Green Bay when he was 18 years old. There, he started working for his brothers at the Wisconsin Democrat as a publisher. Around a year later, his brothers promoted him to edit the Madison Enquirer. Sholes later moved to Kenosha and created the Southport Telegraph, which he worked on for seventeen years. He also worked in Wisconsin politics, organizing the Republican Party and Free Soil Party, which resulted in a successful campaign to outlaw the death penalty.

In the fall of 1867, Sholes created a working typewriter with the help of Matthias Schwalbach, a machinist, and Samuel Soule, an inventor. Later, he had a test race with the superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph; the superintendent was writing with his hand and Sholes using the new typewriter. In the end, Sholes was quicker in finishing the sentence. One would think it would give them more sales, yet that wasn’t the case. [Read More]

Princess Peach Returns in a New Solo Game

by Amare Smith

It’s been nearly two decades since Princess Peach got a new game, and now Nintendo just announced that she would be getting a second game called “Princess Peach Showtime”. This game was released on March 22, 2024.

The game is only playable on the Nintendo Switch, which left fans needing clarification as Nintendo is coming out with a new console. However, fans anticipate that Nintendo will slowly shift from the Nintendo Switch to the newer console in the next few years. Nintendo has yet to release or announce information regarding the new console, but they will officially make their statements later in 2024. While most didn’t expect Peach to have a new game this year, many are excited to play the game and learn more about the new console later this year.

In the upcoming game, Princess Peach has a few character roles to play. During her levels, she has to beat her enemies and tackle various obstacles. “Super Princess Peach” was the first game of her own. Not many fans enjoyed the first game, but good memories were made, and there are high hopes for the new game. [Read More]

Wisconsin Joins Lawsuit Accusing Meta of Harming Children's Mental Health

by Kelly Vazquez, age 18

The state of Wisconsin joined a lawsuit in October against Meta, along with 33 other states, alleging that the company’s apps harm children’s mental health. Meta Platforms Inc., formerly known as Facebook, is a technology company that has created applications that have found massive success, such as Instagram and Facebook, which have three billion and 1.35 billion active users, respectively. But the company has also found itself in hot water multiple times.

On Tuesday, Oct. 24, Wisconsin Democratic Attorney General Josh Kaul joined forces with a bipartisan group of attorneys general from multiple states in a legal action filed in federal court in California. The lawsuit claims that Meta has deployed addictive features that negatively impact the mental health of young individuals, and contribute to the mental health crisis among the nation's youth. Additionally, the lawsuit says that Meta has violated federal law by regularly collecting data from children under the age of 13 without obtaining their parents' consent. [Read More]

LED-Embedded Bandages: A Bright Future for Wound Care

by Amelia Pearson, age 13

There is a big difference between normal bandages and future LED-embedded bandages. Modern bandages are currently being developed at the University Of Southampton in England. These bandages can stop microbes from reproducing and can also kill the microbes.

These bandages are ingrained with scaled-down LED bulbs emitting UVC wavelengths, usually used for cleaning medical equipment. The UV light replaces the antibiotics often used to kill germs.

The bandage needs a battery to power the lights being emitted, so the thought of wireless powering was seen as the most practical. With wireless, will minimize the harmful chemicals coming from thrown-away batteries. [Read More]

NASA's Osiris-REx Returns with Asteroid Samples to Avert Future Earth Collisions

by Valeria Moreno Lopez, age 17

A NASA spacecraft unleashed its sample findings that could help prevent a collision on Earth. After a seven-year expedition of observing the asteroid Bennu, a sample container landed in a Utah desert this past September. The sample is predicted to contain 250 grams of high-carbon dust and rocks from the asteroid.

In 2016, Osiris-REx, NASA’s third deep-space robotic mission, departed into space, costing over $1 billion. After two years of searching, the spacecraft landed on Bennu to gather material that has been dated back to 4.5 million years ago. Researchers will use this new data to improve the understanding of planet and life formation. To acquire the material, Osiris-REx inserted a stick vacuum connected to a container into the asteroid. However, much more dust and rocks were gathered than expected. This damaged the spacecraft’s container and lost a significant quantity of material. More than 100 grams were collected from extra material that was stuck on the outside of the container, bypassing the original goal of 60 grams. [Read More]

Ultrasound Waves Offer a Solution for Microplastics in Water

by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 13

Pollution has become a big problem in today’s economy. Microplastics are a type of pollution that is really small and barely visible yet they are found in our bodies, causing a lot of damage. Microplastics can contain toxic chemicals, viruses, and bacteria.

These plastic bits are an issue for humans and wildlife. These plastics are incredibly hard to see, even smaller than a sesame seed, and no more than five millimeters wide. The bits can be found in water, air, and foods leading to their accumulation in human bodies as resources are utilized. The materials within these bits can contain toxic chemicals. Additionally, both bacteria and viruses can attach themselves to the microplastic. Wildlife can also ingest plastic bits through drinking water from rivers or the ocean. [Read More]

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe Flies Toward the Sun

by Daniel Li, age 16

NASA's Parker Solar Probe has achieved a remarkable feat by getting close enough to the Sun to study the intricate details of solar wind. This has revealed information that was previously hidden as the solar wind left the Sun's corona in a uniform stream of charged particles.

Understanding the origin of the solar wind is crucial for predicting solar storms, which are responsible for auroras on Earth, but they also disrupt satellites and power grids. In a forthcoming article in the journal Nature, a team led by Professor Stuart D. Bale from the University of California, Berkeley, and James Drake from the University of Maryland-College Park, reveals the Parker Solar Probe has found that coronal holes are where solar wind originates.

According to their findings, some exceptionally high-energy particles detected by the Parker Solar Probe, launched in 2018, can only be explained by magnetic reconnection. [Read More]

Revolutionizing Data Transmission: Researchers Achieve Unprecedented Speeds Using Microcombs

by Daniel Li, age 15

A team of Danish researchers and physicists recently discovered a way to transfer almost 1.84 petabits of data per second - which is equivalent to nearly 100 million Netflix movies playing simultaneously - using only one small chip. In recent years, achieving this would have required more power and more chips, even though the previous record for the highest data transmission rate using one chip was only set in 2020.

The team used a relatively discovery as the basis for their development. In 2005, the Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to a team of researchers who discovered a way to convert laser light into a special type of rainbow, called an optical frequency comb. To accomplish this, a laser is shined through a special chamber, which produces a rainbow with all of its colors spread out evenly. However, this process involved massive machines, larger than a standard refrigerator. Two years later, another team built on this discovery, and was able to achieve a similar effect, but with much smaller chips, dubbed “microcombs.”

Microcombs can be used in various fields to detect diseases, provide information about unknown planets, build more accurate clocks, and even efficiently transmit data. Compared to conventional fiber optic cables, microcombs are far better at transmitting large amounts of data at once. [Read More]

Revolutionizing Space Communication Through Lasers

by Allison Torres, age 15

Lasers represent the future of communication. Currently, the International Space Station relies on 5G and broadband internet for its Earth communication. However, this mode of communication involves a delay of approximately 2.5 seconds for information transmission.

Unlike radio waves, lasers constitute invisible light with greater robustness. Their wavelengths are also 10,000 times shorter than those of radio waves. Consequently, lasers require a mere 0.0003 megabits per second to traverse from one point to another. Introducing lasers into the orbit within our solar system stands to significantly enhance the speed of data transmission via satellites.

The application of lasers extends beyond space-related endeavors. We currently employ lasers in various technologies, including 3D scanners, laser surgery for cancer treatment, barcode scanners, and information processing in DVDs, and Blu-rays. [Read More]

The Complex Steps and Technologies Behind Spacecraft Missions

by Aarosh Subedi, age 11

There are many steps before you launch a spacecraft, and many kinds of spacecraft are important to the technology we use today. Multiple types of satellites watch the world around us. Meteorological satellites give meteorologists information about what the weather will look like. Communication satellites make television possible to watch; navigation satellites help people guide their ships in water; geodetic satellites help record unknown places on Earth. Satellites that are used by militaries help perform observations to find enemies in specific places. Many more types of innovations are used to go to space.

It takes many months to launch a spacecraft. Before a launch, the instruments will perform the experiments and functions for the assigned mission to ensure everything works properly. This takes place in phases, where technicians put together components and make sure they work together. While the spacecraft's instrumentation is being powered up, the components for the launching vehicle also go through the same process. [Read More]

The System Scientists Use to Track Near-Earth Objects

by Dulce Maria Vazquez, age 14

The Torino scale is a system that predicts the chances of objects in space hitting the Earth. Established in 1999, the Torino scale rates the potential of an asteroid to cause harm by looking at its size, and the probability that it will hit the Earth. The scale ranges from zero to ten—zero means no danger and ten means that an asteroid is guaranteed to hit the Earth, and large enough that an impact would cause worldwide destruction.

This scale is meant to be an easier way for people to understand the risk associated with asteroid impacts. However, there has been a public debate about whether the scale is helpful. Some say there are other systems that are more effective. Others say the Torino scale isn't beneficial because it's unlikely for an asteroid to impact Earth.

If an asteroid appears to be approaching Earth, it is observed continually until its orbit can be determined. If astronomers determine there is no chance for an object to hit our planet, the object is assigned a zero on the Torino scale. But if there is a chance the asteroid could harm the Earth in the next 100 years, it will be given a higher value. [Read More]

Study Reveals COVID-19 Pandemic Prematurely Aged Teen Brains

by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 13

New MRI brain scans show that teen brains have matured beyond the years of their physical age (as much as three to four years) after the Covid-19 pandemic. This shows the importance of this time for teens’ brain development.

Scientists studying this topic were working on teen mental health before the pandemic hit, so they already had some ideas on what could have affected teens before and after. Researchers revealed that the pandemic was hard on teens, increasing anxiety and depression and prompting scientists to look at the changes that were being made to the brain. [Read More]

New Cloning Technology Offers Hope for Endangered Species

by Allison Torres, age 13

A new black-footed ferret came into this world on December 10th, 2020. This newborn ferret is named Elizabeth Ann, and she has grown up with lots of energy and curiosity. What Elizabeth Ann doesn’t know is that she could be the key to saving her entire species. This is because her species, the Black-footed ferret, is one of the most endangered animals in North America.

A long time ago, black-footed ferrets lived in many wild areas across North America. When Europeans arrived in areas where ferrets were living they disturbed the natural environment and the food sources ferrets need to survive. This caused the population of black-footed ferrets to rapidly decline. By the late 1970s, the species was thought to be extinct. [Read More]

Will the Tasmanian Tiger Roam the Earth Once More?

by Sandy Flores-Ruíz, age 16

For the past years —scientists have thought about reviving extinct species. Scientists in Australia and the U.S. have recently started a multi-million dollar project to bring back the Tasmanian tiger from extinction.

The stripes on the back of the Thylacine gave its nickname of “Tasmanian Tiger,” despite the animal being a marsupial, a type of Australian mammal that raises its young in a pouch, like a kangaroo, instead of a tiger.

The Tasmanian tiger went extinct in 1936 when the last known tiger, Thylacine, died in the Hobart Zoo. Years before humans arrived in Australia, these tigers roamed free. However, once humans started to populate Australia, the population of these tigers decreased. The last known tigers to roam free on the island of Tasmania were then hunted to extinction. [Read More]

100 Foot Jump Breaks World Record

by Moore Vang, age 13

What can jump as high as the eyes of the Statue of Liberty? Well, the jumping robot can! The robot was designed by Elliot Hawkes, a mechanical engineer from University of California, Santa Barbara. With the ability to jump three times higher than any other jumping robot, it can also out-jump any living animal.

Hawkes has been working on the robot for seven years. “It started out as a stick with weights and rubber bands,” he said. Nobody would’ve called it a robot at the start of its creation because it didn’t have anything electronic or any motors on it, he recalls. This got him and his colleagues determined to find out, “Just how high can it go?” After many years of work, the robot reached heights as high as 100 feet. Hawkes and his team recorded this on the website Nature on April 23, 2022.

Various researchers studied how different types of animals jump. Hawkes didn’t want to copy any of the animals so instead, his team learned the types of features of certain animal jumpers and how to find ways around it. Muscles in the body of many animals including humans provide energy for jumping. These muscles pull on stretchy hamstrings that react just like a spring, launching the body high into the air. A muscle can only tense up and release once per jump. Weight is also a factor due to large muscles making the animal or human heavier. Typically, the heavier the animal, the harder it is to move against the force of gravity. [Read More]