History

Understanding the First Amendment: The Foundation of American Rights

by Will DeFour, age 14

The First Amendment is one of the barriers between American society as it is today, and a more authoritarian government similar to those that lock up journalists, set curfews, and prevent citizens from speaking out against their leaders.

Freedom of speech tops the Bill of Rights, which is a document containing ten amendments with similar freedoms, such as the right to a speedy trial, no cruel or unusual punishment, and the right to keep and bear arms. They were amendments to the Constitution of the United States, a document detailing how the government can write laws, declare wars, and the checks and balances within it.

The First Amendment protects many forms of expression. These five freedoms are freedom of speech, the right to practice–or not to practice–any religion, the ability of the people to write petitions to the government to incite change, freedom of the press, and the right to assemble in a nonviolent manner. [Read More]

How the She-She-She Camps Gave Hope to Women in the Great Depression

by Camila Cruz, age 16

During the 1930s, thousands of men and women were laid off due to the stock market crash of 1929. The whole country was suffering during the Great Depression, but women were especially overlooked.

Due to the high numbers of unemployed Americans, one of the first priorities of President Franklin Roosevelt after his inauguration in 1933 was to create the Civilian Conservation Corps, or CCC, a program that employed over three million men. The program gave hope and jobs to many, but women were still left jobless and poor since the CCC was only open to men, even though women made up about a quarter of the workforce.

As letters poured in from women asking for help, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt wondered what she could do. Seeing how the CCC was changing lives, she helped launch a smaller initiative for women called the “She-She-She Camps.” Officially named the “Emergency Conservation Work for Women,” these camps provided unemployed women with shelter, food, and training. Many critics mockingly referred to them as “She-She-She Camps.” [Read More]

History of Writing and How It Changed the World

by Marco Flores, age 10

Writing and printing have been around for thousands of years, but where did it all begin?

For much of history, the alphabet as we know it today didn’t exist. Ancient Egyptians used pictures and symbols, like animals and body parts, to write words. These symbols are called hieroglyphics. For example, to spell a word like “mental,” Egyptians might use a game board, a loaf of bread, a vulture, and a lion. These stand for the sounds “men,” “t,” “a,” and “l.”

Books, as we know them today, didn’t appear until the invention of printing. Before the printing press, books were handmade by people known as scribes, who carefully copied documents by hand. The earliest known printed book is titled The Diamond Sutra, made in China in the year 868 CE using a woodblock printing method. Scribes sometimes added images to these books by carving blocks, inking them, and pressing them onto pages. [Read More]

Learn the History Behind the Black Hawk War

By Max Moreno, age 12

The Black Hawk War started on April 6, 1832, and was the result of a misunderstanding that led to a massacre, killing thousands of Native American men, women, and children.

In 1804, future president William Henry Harrison and two representatives of the Sauk Nation signed a treaty that sold all the Sauk land east of the Mississippi for $2,500, which, even then, was not a fair deal. Sauk chiefs in Illinois and Wisconsin never got to speak for the nation so they thought the treaty was invalid. Therefore, they continued to live in their village of Saukenuk near the Rock River in western Illinois. [Read More]

How the Nile River’s Changing Waters Affect Life in Africa

by Sofia Zapata, age 14

The Nile River, one of the longest rivers in the world, is an important transportation and trade route, but in recent years it has faced new problems.

The river flows around 6,600 kilometers and empties into the Mediterranean Sea. It flows from south to north through eastern Africa, starting from rivers that flow into Lake Victoria. The Nile River runs either along the border or through ten African countries. The river also has provided a source of irrigation to help transform dry areas around it into lush, agricultural land. [Read More]

What is the United States Constitution?

by Jules Da Costa, age 16

The United States Constitution is a document that outlines the structure of the U.S. government and the values of the nation. Furthermore, the first three words of this document – “We The People” – emphasize a core value of serving citizens and asserting the powers of the government.

The Constitution was drafted in 1787 by delegates from the original 13 states, including James Madison, Hamilton, and John Jay. It replaced the Articles of Confederation, which were essentially America’s first constitution. The Articles of Confederation were outdated and didn’t give enforcement powers to the government. Due to this, Alexander Hamilton called a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation, however, they ended up deciding to redesign the government.

The Constitution has a preamble, or introduction, and seven articles that describe how the government works. The first three articles establish the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government and what they do. The articles do not allow any one branch to be too powerful, and so a system of checks and balances is implemented. Articles four through seven explain how the states interact with the federal government, establish the Constitution as “the supreme law of the land,” and outline how the amendment and ratification processes work. [Read More]

Marie Curie Was a Trailblazer in Science and Radioactivity

by Siwoo Park, age 12

Marie Curie, one of the world’s beloved scientists, was a pioneer in the study of radioactivity and her discoveries revolutionized cancer treatment. Through her discovery of radium, she became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in two different fields, and eight years later won a subsequent prize.

Marie was born Marya Sklodowska on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland. She earned good grades and was even awarded a gold medal in her high school. Despite being a great student and her family valued education, she could not attend university because Russia had invaded Poland and women were not able to go to college after the invasion. Marya made money by giving private tutoring lessons and became involved with a group of young people who taught themselves their topics, called the “Floating University.” She became a governess to a wealthy family, but she craved knowledge and became more determined than ever to attend university. [Read More]

The Sad Story of Japanese-American Internment During World War II

by Kelly Vazquez, age 18

Anti-Asian sentiments have been around for some time now, but with COVID-19, Asian hate has risen all across the globe. However, this is not the first time Asian groups have faced discrimination. A prime example is the aftermath of the Pearl Harbor attacks in 1941, when the Japanese military attacked the US Naval base by surprise, killing 2,403 service members, seriously injuring 1,178 others, and destroying about 170 planes and multiple ships.

The response from President Franklin Roosevelt was Executive Order 9066, which established Japanese internment camps from 1942 to 1954 during World War II. This policy —now known as one of the worst American civil rights violations — stripped the civil rights of people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, and forced them into isolated camps. [Read More]

Extinction of The Largest Known Primate Ever to Live

by Theodore Morrison, age 16

Imagine as a species, being so big and unmaneuverable, that it starves to death. That was the probable reality for the Gigantopithecus Blacki who were massive beasts that dominated southeast Asia during the latest Ice Age.

The species were herbivores and ten feet tall while weighing more than 500 pounds. The Gigantopithecus Blacki existed in what was ancient China between 2.3 million years ago and 215,000 years ago. They originally favored dense forests as their natural habitat before evidence points to a transition relatively 700,000 years ago to a more open space such as grassland. These apes were specialized to these dense forests, and when they transitioned to a much different environment, they felt the effects. [Read More]

The Last Voyage of the SS Phoenix

by Kelly Vazquez, age 17

On November 11th, 1847, the steamboat S.S. Phoenix, was sailing across Lake Michigan. It carried an estimated 293 passengers, many of whom were immigrants from the Netherlands. However, many of these passengers would never go on to see their destination.

Around 4:00 am on November 21st, smoke began to escape the ship's engine room as the boilers overheated and set overhead wooden beams on fire. When the crewmen discovered the fire, the Phoenix was within seven miles of the town of Sheboygan.

Although at first, the crew managed to contain the flames, the fire raged out of control shortly after. The ship's passengers were alerted and First Mate Watts organized the crew and passengers into a bucket brigade (passing buckets of water down a line of people) in an attempt to fight the fire. The fire continued to grow. Watts ordered the ship to turn towards the shore, but the fire overwhelmed the engine room and the ship drifted until it stopped about five miles from shore and nine miles from Sheboygan. [Read More]

Rosa Parks, Civil Rights Icon

by Sol-Saray, age 11

Many people may have heard of the brave woman who stood up for herself and refused to give up her seat to a white man. That woman was known as Rosa Parks.

Rosa Louise McCauley was born in Tuskegee, Alabama on February 4, 1913. She was daughter of James McCauley, who worked as a carpenter, and Leona McCauley, who worked as a teacher. Rosa's grandparents were enslaved. Rosa grew up in times where racism and segregation was very harsh; due to Jim Crow laws in the South, Black Americans had to sit separately on the bus from white Americans.

On December 1, 1955, she boarded the bus after a long day of work. She chose to sit in the front of the bus, spots typically designated for white people. When demanded to give her seat to a white passenger, she refused and was arrested and fined shortly after. As a result of her arrest, people started boycotting the Montgomery buses in protest by walking instead of using bus transportation. The boycott lasted over a year and resulted in the U.S Supreme Court ruling in favor of ending racial segregation on buses. [Read More]

East L.A. Student Walkouts Propelled the Chicano Movement

by Valeria Moreno Lopez, age 16

The 1960s was a time of change for many underrepresented communities in the United States. Between the civil rights movement and racial conflicts occurring, many people took the opportunity to strongly voice their basic needs. An example is the East L.A. walkouts of 1968, a series of protests led by Chicano students that advocated for the improvement of their education.

Obvious flaws in the Los Angeles school systems were always apparent to Chicano students. The unfurnished buildings could not support the growing population, hence leading to overcrowding; and much of the staff were inadequately trained for teaching. The lack of education quality denied many academic and career opportunities for Latinos that were readily available to white students. Nearly 130,000 Latinos made up 75 percent of East L.A.'s student body, but due to the lack of support, the number of school drop-outs mounted to 50 percent or above. Although Chicano students contacted their school administrations to fix the flaws, nothing changed.

Students, however, were not alone in the fight against the discriminatory issues they faced. In particular, Sal Castro, a Mexican-American social studies teacher at Lincoln High School in Los Angeles, encouraged Chicano students to dwell more on their culture and take pride in their identity. In 1967, Castro, and community members, began organizing protests and helping students walk out of their classes to march in the streets. Many Chicanos from East L.A. schools and concerned parents joined. Together they created a list of 39 demands, such as employing more Latino staff, allowing bilingualism to be used in classrooms, and an increase of Mexican and Mexican-American history lessons. [Read More]

Women Pioneers in the STEM Fields

by Devika Pal, age 17

As early as the mid-19th century, women made vast contributions to astronomy. They had to fight for representation and recognition in this field. Pioneers such as Maria Mitchell and a group of women known as the Harvard Computers paved the way for the women who followed. However, even now, many women struggle to receive credit for their work.

Maria Mitchell is recognized as the first professional woman astronomer in the United States. She discovered a comet in 1847 using a small telescope, which was later named after her, Miss Mitchell’s Comet. The discovery was initially credited to Italian astronomer Francesco de Vico even though he discovered it after she did; it was not until later that it was credited to Mitchell. The first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Joseph Henry, even published the comet’s discovery in 1848 without mention of Mitchell’s name. His actions reflect the refusal to credit women astronomers for their achievements, a common tendency at that time. Despite being initially overlooked, she was admitted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1848, becoming the first woman to be recognized by the Academy.

During the early 20th century, Harvard Observatory Director Edward Charles Pickering put together a team of women astronomers who came to be known as the “Harvard Computers.” These women carried out astronomical calculations and invented the Harvard spectral classification, which they used to classify hundreds of stars. Over a century later, this system is still being used by modern astronomers. However, the women worked in substandard conditions, only earning 25 to 50 cents an hour, much less than the men made, while performing a similar wide range of duties. Even Annie Jump Cannon—who was central to development of the Havard classification system—was not credited by name in the title. [Read More]

The Ancient Library of Pergamum

by Hiba Al-Quraishi, age 14

The ancient library of Pergamum, located in what is now Turkey, was built in the third century B.C. by members of the Attalid dynasty. The library, constructed by a small kingdom that lasted only 150 years, is now one of the most famous libraries in antiquity.

Following the destruction of Alexander the Great’s empire, Lysimachus, a general in Alexander the Great’s army, founded the Monarchy of Pergamum or Attalid kingdom during the Hellenistic period. This kingdom was situated in what is now Turkey, in the western portion of Asia Minor.

Around 130 BC, the Roman Republic acquired the Kingdom of Pergamum. Even though this kingdom only existed for roughly 150 years, they managed to construct one of the greatest libraries ever seen in antiquity and for centuries. The large library of Pergamum remained a significant hub of study. [Read More]

How an Ancient Civilization Thrived and then Collapsed

by Emily Rodriguez, age 13

A mysterious ancient civilization on the island of Malta collapsed within two generations, despite surviving for more than a millennium.

The ancient civilization was known as the Temple Culture, it arose around 6,000 years ago on Malta and other islands in the Mediterranean sea. Groups of scientists analyzed pollen and DNA from skulls and bones that were buried deep in the Earth to find an explanation for the quick collapse. According to a tree ring analysis, the whole region was exposed to horrible climates. This analysis and other research makes up an ongoing investigation into why the civilization collapsed. [Read More]

Cathedral on a Hill: Ancient Structure in Turkey Might be the Oldest on Planet Earth

by Jules Da Costa, age 13

Have you ever wondered what the world’s oldest structure is? Well, archaeologists have found an answer: Gobekli Tepe.

The Gobekli Tepe, informally known as “Cathedral on a Hill,” is located east of the Mediterranean Sea in the country of Turkey. It was discovered atop a limestone plateau close to Urfa. It currently stands as humanity's oldest known structure, built over 11,000 years ago.

In 1996, German archaeologist Klaus Schmidt led an expedition on the mountaintop. After over a decade of excavations, Schmidt concluded that the monument gives further insight on when early humans switched from a nomadic lifestyle to an agricultural lifestyle. He and his team found stone tools and other promising evidence that hunter-gatherers based at the Gobekli Tepe site carved tools and built structures. [read more]

How a Library Made Baghdad the World's Most Important Center of Learning

by Mariama Bah, age 15

When hearing about grand libraries, one might think of the Library of Alexandria or the Library of Congress. However a different library was established in the 9th century as one of the world’s greatest centers of science and learning.

The House of Wisdom was founded in the city of Baghdad, Iraq during the Islamic Golden Age, which lasted from the 8th to the 14th century. The Islamic Golden Age was an important period in Islamic history characterized by a series of rapid scientific, cultural, and economic advancements. [Read More]

Bussa’s Rebellion in 1816 Helped Bring About the Abolition of Slavery

by Amelia Pearson, age 13

Bussa was an African-born slave who worked at Bayley Plantation in St. Philip on the island of Barbados, which at the time was an English colony. The British Parliament passed a law to end slavery in 1807 but slaves later realized they might never gain freedom.

Bussa was a head officer among the slaves and managed boundaries and fences. He also had to deal with day-to-day business between the estates. Due to this factor, he could move throughout the estate and gain a good understanding of the area. He had the respect of many slaves, plantation owners, and workers.

Bussa planned one of the first major uprisings with people from other estates. The enslaved people attempted to change Barbado's society. They believed Barbados was theirs and wanted to be free from the plantation owners. Bussa led about 400 women and men during the uprising. They fought together against armed and trained troops of the colonial militia. [Read More]

When Authority Turns to Oppression: A Historical Pattern of Persecution

by: Samuel Garduño Martínez, age 16

Nations and empires around the globe have had their times of prosperity as well as times of hardship and failure. However, when minority groups become a threat to a totalitarian government or a governing body, people in power begin to reveal their malicious intentions. This is when persecution arises and people are targeted, even those just living on their land peacefully.

One example from history is the Protestant movement that arose across Europe in the 1400s. The Catholic Church, which still had an authoritarian grip on Europe, began the persecution of the growing Protestant populations. Soon, Protestant denominations, such as Lutheranism and Calvinism, were the target of persecution as their beliefs went against the structure of the Church. [Read More]

The Mexican-American War: Controversy and Consequences

by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 13

The Mexican-American War was controversial, but others said it was meant to occur. President James K. Polk, known for expanding territorial land of the United States, believed Americans should have power over the entire North American continent.

The war started in 1846 when Polk, who was president at that time, wanted to buy land that belonged to Mexico. Polk sent John Slidell, an American diplomat, to offer $30 million for the land. The only problem was that the Mexican government was not interested and turned down the deal. Polk became furious and sent American troops to a disputed area between the Rio Grande and the Nueces River in January 1846. Before the war began, there already was conflict on whether Texas ended at the Nueces or the Rio Grande. After sending troops, Polk tried to incite Mexico into war, and soon enough the Mexican government responded by crossing the Rio Grande and firing on American troops in April 1846. In response, Polk sent an order for war to Congress on May 11, 1846. Polk declared, “Mexico has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon American soil." [Read More]

World War Two Battalion Awarded Congressional Gold Medal

by Mahalia Pearson, age 12

During World War II, the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion employed people of African-American, Caribbean, and Mexican descent. The women who worked in the Postal Directory Department were grouped in the Women Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) and later were called the Women Army Corps (WAC) on July 1, 1943.

Unfortunately, in 1945, multiple warehouses in England had a large backlog of mail from soldiers that had not been distributed. Before it could be sent out, the mail would take six months to process first, and there were seven million soldiers and government workers waiting for their correspondence. This issue left soldiers upset since they were not receiving their mail. The 855 Black women from the WAC were granted the opportunity to go overseas, due to the support and pressure from different African American organizations. When arrived in Europe they started sending out mail. They worked seven days a week, circling through three eight-hour shifts per day. These women delivered more than 17 million letters in the last several months of the war.

These women were slandered by male soldiers based on their race and gender. Major Charity Adams, the female African-American officer with the highest rank, led her corps through a boycott against the facilities for being segregated. The reason for the discrimination they faced was because they were Black women in a primarily white place. As a solution, they decided to create their facilities such as hair salons, food halls, and refreshment bars. [Read More]

The Silk Road Paved the Way for Cultural Exchange and Prosperity

by Daileni Cruz, age 10

The Silk Road was an ancient trade route connecting the two great civilizations of Rome and China. They would trade wool, gold, silver, and silk along this road.

In 138 BC, Zhang Qian journeyed from China to Central Asia. He is known as “The Father of the Silk Road.” His sea voyages exposed the Chinese to Greek culture. New breeds of horses, grapes, and alfalfa were brought to China because of his journeys. The trade route that people mainly used followed the Great Wall of China to the northwest and climbed the Pamir Mountains in Tajikistan, and went through Afghanistan before finishing in Rome.

Asia began to lose its Roman territory as Arabian power began to increase in the Mediterranean area. Due to their differences, the Silk Road became unsafe. The Silk Road slowly disappeared as people stopped using it for trade. Sea routes were then discovered as a safe and faster means of trade. [Read More]

Wisconsin History and the Invention of Typewriters

by Sedona Afeworki, age 15

Christopher Latham Sholes created the first practical typewriter in 1874, right here in Wisconsin.

He was born in Pennsylvania in 1819 after finishing his apprenticeship in newspapering and moved to Green Bay when he was 18 years old. There, he started working for his brothers at the Wisconsin Democrat as a publisher. Around a year later, his brothers promoted him to edit the Madison Enquirer. Sholes later moved to Kenosha and created the Southport Telegraph, which he worked on for seventeen years. He also worked in Wisconsin politics, organizing the Republican Party and Free Soil Party, which resulted in a successful campaign to outlaw the death penalty.

In the fall of 1867, Sholes created a working typewriter with the help of Matthias Schwalbach, a machinist, and Samuel Soule, an inventor. Later, he had a test race with the superintendent of the Western Union Telegraph; the superintendent was writing with his hand and Sholes using the new typewriter. In the end, Sholes was quicker in finishing the sentence. One would think it would give them more sales, yet that wasn’t the case. [Read More]

Magellan's Expedition Was the First Circumnavigation

by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 13

In 1519, Portugal was the first country to circumnavigate the globe. Some parts of the world could, but most were not able to circumnavigate past South America. Some parts of the world had advantages that allowed them to build ships, but other parts of the world were incapable due to the lack of resources. However, there was one person who eventually was able to circumnavigate, Ferdinand Magellan.

Becoming the first to circumnavigate the globe was not something on China’s list. Although the country was powerful and had the resources, they were more focused on protecting their people. The Barbarian invasion threat made China create better protection on its northern boundaries. Improving their protection meant rebuilding and extending the Great Wall. China’s multistoried ships were large, compared to Western ships. What stopped its people from being the first to circumnavigate the globe was the anti-marine policy that was made in the 1500s, making it a crime to build a ship with two masts or bigger, and if disobeyed would lead to death. China created this policy so none of its people could be in danger.

Apart from China, Arab Muslims wanted to be the first to circumnavigate but they faced challenges. Individual Muslims navigated the Indian Ocean for centuries which helped them master the shifting direction of the moon. Navigating the Indian Ocean made them discover that another sea, south of Africa, was linked to the Indian Ocean. The Arabian Peninsula could not produce wood, resin, iron, and textiles which were the essentials to building a ship. Not having these products gave them the defeat they did not want. Arab Muslims, not having the supplies needed, gave Spaniards an advantage. [Read More]

The Ongoing Mystery of the Loch Ness Monster

by Will DeFour, age 13

Many urban legends have endured through the ages, whether it be monsters such as Bigfoot, Mothman, or the Yeti. However, while almost everyone has heard of these characters, their existence is debated. One of the oldest is the Loch Ness Monster, also known as Nessie.

The Loch Ness Monster's first recorded sighting was by an Irish Monk named Saint Columbia. According to legend, he banished the beast to the loch, a large body of water in Scotland, and the creature still lives there today. In 1933, the monster was sighted again and its most iconic photograph was taken.

Naturally, such a beast would inspire searches. Many investigations of the monster have occurred over the years. Though the task may sound easy, the loch is the largest body of water in Scotland at over 20 miles long and 750 feet deep. However, this summer, investigators conducted the largest search since 1972, with equipment that was far more advanced such as thermal drones. The search did not produce any evidence of the beast. However, there were reports of a dark shadow and strange previously undetected noises from the loch. The beast in question, unfortunately, was not sighted. [Read More]

The Tuskegee Airmen Broke Racial Barriers and Combat Records in World War Two

by Max Moreno, age 11

Some of the many unspoken heroes of American history during World War II are the Tuskegee Airmen, the first Black American pilots in the military.

Before the Tuskegee Airmen, Black Americans were not allowed in the Air Force due to racist Jim Crow laws that enforced segregation. But during WWII the U.S. needed pilots.

Even though the Civilian Pilot Training Program started training Black Americans in the 1930s, there were debates among leaders outside of the military regarding Black Americans serving in the Air Force. But the NAACP and other organizations fought for inclusion. [Read More]

Exploring the Award-Winning Restoration of the 1868 Brisbane House in Arena, Wisconsin

by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 13

The historic Brisbane House in Arena, Wisconsin, is renowned for its builder's past. William Henry Brisbane, known as an "abolitionist," faced significant scrutiny when he embraced this cause and subsequently relocated from his Southern home state.

Born on October 12, 1806, Brisbane began his journey as a cadet at the Norwich Military Academy in Norwich, Vermont. He later inherited 33 enslaved individuals from his family. While residing in a South Carolina house with his slaves, Brisbane underwent a transformation in his beliefs, recognizing the inherent wrongfulness of slavery. He made the courageous decision to set his slaves free, a move that garnered heavy criticism and disdain from his community. Nonetheless, this opposition did not deter him from persisting in his human rights campaign. To escape judgment and pursue his cause, Brisbane left South Carolina and settled in what is now Arena, Wisconsin, embarking on a new chapter in his life.

Brisbane harbored grand plans to construct a house where he could reside and eventually provide accommodation for others after his passing. The house was built in the "I-style," a design Southerners transported with them when they migrated North. Characterized by its towering structure and an interior adorned with numerous large windows that facilitated excellent ventilation in the summer, the house also featured tall doors. Remarkably, the house still stands in good condition. [Read More]

Beneath the Pacific Ocean: Explorers Find Japanese Ship Sunk During World War Two

by Sedona Afeworki, age 14

On April 18, 2023, a Japanese shipwreck was located in the South China Sea. This was Australia’s largest death at sea during World War II.

This scary story begins with the ship: Montevideo Maru, which was carrying both prisoners and civilians that were taken during the Battle of Rabaul in Papua New Guinea. The Sturgeon, an American submarine shot four torpedoes after watching the ship all night on July 1, 1942. It took less than 10 minutes to sink.

That night, 1,080 lives were taken. Those people were from 14 different nations. More than 90% of the people who died were Australian. Family members waited years for letters from their missing family members on board, only to find out that their loved ones had drowned. [Read More]

Quanah Parker Became a Famous Comanche Leader

by Sandy Flores-Ruiz, age 16

The last surviving chief of the Quahada Comanche Indian tribe was Quanah Parker. He was born in 1845 in Elk Creek, near Wichita Mountain, in what is today known as Oklahoma City. He is known for his resistance against white settlement and for his leadership in helping his community adapt to life on the reservation.

Quanah Parker’s birth resulted from a conflict between Native Americans and white settlers. His mother, Cynthia Ann Parker, was captured when she was child and later converted to the Native American way of life. She met Quanah’s father, Chief Peta Nocona, whom she later married. They had three children: Quanah, Pecos, and Topsana. However, Quanah’s childhood was a nightmare where he endured a long battle with the Texas Rangers. As a result of the battle, both his mother and sister were taken against their will. After being held captive for more than twenty-four years, Cynthia refused to re-assimilate. She committed suicide in 1871 after losing her daughter a couple of years earlier due to illness, leaving Quanah and his brother as orphans.

The Comanche tribe was very disorganized during Chief Peta Nocona’s leadership, nevertheless, many feared them. In fact, the tribe was one of the first to obtain horses from the Spanish. The Comanche established themselves as expert riders and set the pattern for nomadic horse culture life, which became common among plain tribes in the 18th and 19th centuries. When Quanah became chief, the Comanche were in almost a constant state of war with Mexico, Texas, and other Native American tribes. Quanah Parker led the tribe in a very successful battle and many believed in him because he was the son of a respected leader. [Read More]

From Modest Chateau to Palace Fit for Kings

by Ashley Mercado, age 14

King Louis XII originally chose Versailles, an area just outside of Paris, as the site for a modest hunting chateau. However, over the years it developed into something far more elegant.

“Louis” was a commonly chosen name for princes over many generations. To distinguish the different kings, roman numerals would be placed after their name to note who was who in order of their birth. Louis the XIV, also known as the Sun King, wanted to expand the chateau into a grand palace, and began construction on the project in 1661. Versailles became Louis the XIV’s permanent residence in 1682, and later the French court was established there. The heart of the building was the Hall of Mirrors—a big gallery of 17 windows that offered a grand view of the stunning gardens.

Louis XIV directed the architect Gabriel to do further work on the building, such as the addition of an opera salon and an additional palace called the Petit Trianon. Louis XVI added a library, and his wife Marie Antoinette took over the Petit Trianon. Two designers worked on Versailles. The original designer was Louis Le Vau followed by Jules Hardouin Mansart who assumed responsibility and worked on Versailles for 30 years. The one responsible for the landscaping of Versailles was Andrė Le Nȏtre. In October of 1789, revolutionaries angry at the rich due to colossal income inequality went to Versailles and caused great damage to the palace. [Read More]

Ghost Towns and Glaciers: The Legend of Kennicot

by Anissa Attidekou, age 13

Despite the fact that ghost stories can be scary, they are always interesting. The tale of this ghostly Alaskan glacier might give you a chill, but it will also get you hooked with its unique story.

This ghostly glacier was discovered and explored during the 1800s and site was eventually named the Kennicott Glacier. The mountains around the glacier are embedded with tons of copper. During the 1800s and 1900s, the rise of electricity and telephone use meant an increase in demand for copper wiring. After finding out about the Kennicott Glacier and its copper, several companies quickly built mines.

At its peak, these mining operations employed around 600 miners. They worked long hours every day. The miners produced a lot of copper allowing the owners of the mines to make a great amount of money. [Read More]

Exploring the Family Life of the Aztecs

by Marco Gonzalez, age 9

In Mesoamerica, Aztec culture had many interesting practices and beliefs. Their family life was especially important, even though some of its characteristics might seem strange today.

The Mesoamerican culture considered it important for married couples to have kids. Aztec parents would have big celebrations that would last over a day when their baby was born. They would also wait to name their newborns until the celebration. During labor, women were helped by neighbors and other local women since they had no midwives. After giving birth, the mother would wash herself and her newborn in the river or the closet body of water, and the umbilical cord was kept in the house.

The Mesoamerican male's responsibilities included supporting his family and his government through his hard work and paying taxes. Young women were taught to do chores such as weaving and cooking while young men often followed their fathers while they worked. One of the main roles of an Aztec female was to raise children until they were ready to leave the home and marry. [Read More]

The Unique History of Lake Ivanhoe, Wisconsin

by Josepha Da Costa, age 18

This past summer, Lake Ivanhoe was one of 40 new historical markers to be designated in Wisconsin. It became only the 8th marker, out of 600, in the state to feature Black History. Peter Baker, a current resident who grew up in Lake Ivanhoe, “the safest place and the coolest place” he’d ever been in his life, played an important part in the process of celebrating this history. His tireless efforts for over 20 years finally made this commemoration possible.

Lake Ivanhoe was founded in 1926, in the town of Bloomfield, by three Black men from Chicago: politician Bradford Watson, business executive Frank Anglin, and attorney Jeremiah Brumfield. These men were looking for a summer vacation place to visit with their families to get away from the racial unrest in Chicago at the time, which was a result of the Great Migration. As Black people started frequently moving to the northern cities, specifically Chicago, segregation became increasingly prominent. Since Black people were not welcome in predominantly white resorts in neighboring places like Lake Geneva, they decided to create their own. This was where the first entirely Black owned community in Wisconsin was born. [Read More]

Is The Queen Mary Haunted?

by Leo Wilson, age 11

The RMS Queen Mary is a ship with a storied past that was built in 1934 by The Cunard-White Star Line, the same company that made the Titanic. It was an elegant and large cruise ship that was permanently docked in 1967, after years of decreased profits, partly due to the rising popularity of air travel. Ghost stories and claims of paranormal activity have given The Queen Mary its reputation as one of the most haunted ships in the world.

In Long Beach, California, where it is docked alone, it has had an estimated 50 million visitors since its first voyage in 1936. Including distinguished guests, such as The Duke and Duchess of Windsor and Winston Churchill. The Queen Mary's life as a cruise ship did not last long, due to it being used to transport thousands of soldiers to the front lines during World War II. Today, The Queen Mary is not only a historical landmark but serves as a hotel and entertainment venue.

The Queen Mary has had a haunted history for a long time. There have been at least 49 recorded deaths on the ship. In 1966 there was a reported ghost sighting from a woman who claimed to have seen a figure of a man standing at the end of her bed in room B340. Room B340 is the most infamous room aboard the Queen Mary. The room has been closed to the public but is currently open for those brave enough to book a stay. [Read More]

The Story Behind St. Patrick and His Famous Holiday

by Marco Flores, age 10

St. Patrick’s Day is a holiday celebrated primarily in Ireland and the U.S. It honors St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.

St. Patrick was born in Roman Britain in the late 4th or early 5th century. When he was 16 years old, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken to Ireland, where he was forced to work as a shepherd. During his time in captivity, Patrick turned to Christianity for comfort and later escaped back to Britain. After becoming a priest, he returned to Ireland to spread Christianity and is credited with converting many of its residents.

It is believed that St. Patrick’s Day is celebrated on March 17, the date of his death. While St. Patrick was a real historical figure, many traditions, and myths have become associated with the holiday over time. For example, people often associate four-leaf clovers with St. Patrick’s Day, but legend says Patrick used a three-leaf clover, or shamrock, as a symbol of the Holy Trinity in his teachings. [Read More]

Vel Phillips Becomes First Black Woman Honored with Statue Outside a State Capitol

by Will DeFour, age 15

Last summer, a statue of Vel Phillips was unveiled outside the Wisconsin state Capitol. Phillips was a pioneer who championed legislation to advocate for civil rights and in many cases, was the first woman of color to hold many offices in Wisconsin.

Phillips was born in the early 1920s on the south side of Milwaukee. After graduating high school, she earned a national scholarship to Howard University. In 1951, she became the first woman of color to graduate from the University of Wisconsin-Madison Law School. She then went on to become the first alderwoman in Milwaukee. While she served, Phillips advocated for housing policies to end discrimination against minorities. She joined the NAACP, participated in many protests, and organized a 200-day demonstration to push for fair housing legislation.

In 1971, Phillips was appointed a judge in Milwaukee County, the first African American appointed to this role in Wisconsin. Only seven years later, she was elected secretary of state in Wisconsin, the first woman of color to hold that position. [Read More]

Shipwreck from 1893 Found in Lake Michigan

by Oliver Zink, age 14

On September 30, 1898, the schooner Margaret A. Muir sank a few miles from the entrance to Algom Harbor on Wisconsin's Lake Michigan coast in 50 feet of water during a fierce gale.

It was undisturbed for more than a century, despite hundreds of fishing boats going back and forth during the fishing season. Historian Brendon Baillod found the ship on May 12, 2024, along with his team Robert Jaeck and Kevin Culling. They declared the ship a significant archaeological discovery.

The wreck earned the nickname “filet of schooner” due to the way it opened up, with the deck separating and the sides splaying apart. This unique exposure provides insight into the architectural construction details of 19th-century Great Lakes wooden schooners. [Read More]

The Toledo War Gave Michigan the Upper Peninsula Instead of Wisconsin

by Max Moreno, age 12

The Toledo War was fought between Michigan and Ohio, and is the reason that the Upper Peninsula of Michigan does not belong to Wisconsin.

The Toledo War began in 1835 when Ohio and Michigan both claimed a narrow strip of land along their shared border known as the Toledo Strip. Despite being called a "war," the conflict was more of a political dispute than an actual battle.

At the time, Ohio was already a U.S. state, while Michigan was still a territory applying for statehood. The issue stemmed from vague boundary definitions in early legislation and inaccurate maps, which left the border between Ohio and Michigan open to interpretation. Each side moved to enforce its own claim. [Read More]

Wisconsin State Flag Tells the Story of Land, Labor, and Loyalty

by Iliyan Hoskins, age 12

There are many questions regarding the Wisconsin state flag. For instance, when and why was it made? Who are the men on it? Why is the flag blue? What does it represent?

Wisconsin received its flag in 1863 during the Civil War, as soldiers needed a way to recognize their regiment and rally under a shared symbol. Wisconsin was one of the first states to adopt a blue flag to match the color of the Union Army's flags, reinforcing loyalty to the Union cause.

The two men on the flag represent Wisconsin’s land and water. One is a sailor, who would work on boats on the Great Lakes. The other is a yeoman, a person who works on farmland. The sailor holds a rope, and the yeoman carries a pickaxe. [Read More]

Movie Review: The Six Triple Eight

by Ayelen Flores, age 15

It is not often that a war movie tells the stories of the unsung, behind-the-scenes heroes who make our military function. “The Six Triple Eight” does exactly that. “The Six Triple Eight” is a new movie about hidden struggles during WWII. It premiered on December 20th, 2024. It is based on true events and is available for streaming on Netflix.

Getting mail to soldiers abroad was one of the challenges the U.S. Army faced during WWII. The mail motivated soldiers by giving them a connection to the country they were fighting for. Charity Adams was a U.S. Army officer in Europe who eventually served as the commanding officer of the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, “Six Triple Eight.” The battalion was charged with a big load of roughly 17 million pieces of mail coming from soldiers and their families. It had six months to sort, organize, and deliver the mail. Surprisingly, it took only three months to get the mail to its designated place. The movie shows what it was like being a woman, specifically a Black woman, in the military during that time, as well as the struggles of one woman in the battalion whose partner died in the war.

“The Six Triple Eight” is an important historical record recognizing the story of many women from the unit. Director Tyler Perry was initially inspired by his friendship with Lena Derriecott King, who was a former battalion member. Before Lena died at the age of 100 in January 2024, Perry told her he had an idea for a movie telling her story. King told Perry about her life and everything that she remembered from being a member of the battalion. Perry wrote a script inspired by her experiences and showed King an incomplete version of the film. He sat at her bedside and talked her through it. Ebony Obsidian, who played Lena in the movie, was also able to talk to King and learn more about her story. Obsidian was honored to show everyone King’s story, sharing that King taught her "that no matter what you go through, you can still rise.” Unfortunately, King died before seeing the movie, but she had a lot of faith in Perry’s unfinished script. She was grateful to let others know about such a life-changing and personal event. [Read More]

How the Mayans and Aztecs Imagined the Birth of the World

by John Agbo, age 14

The Aztecs and Mayans shared numerous mythological figures. For instance, both cultures worshipped a feathered serpent as a central mediator between the heavens and the earth. The Mayans recognized Kukulkan as the god of cycles, encompassing life and death, while the Aztecs viewed Quetzalcoatl as a cosmic entity who ruled over the sun during one of the five eras, or “suns,” in their creation story.

Kukulkan played a vital role in Mayan mythology. He was revered as a god of rain, wind, and storms, symbolizing renewal, like a snake shedding its skin. For the Mayans, time was cyclical and occurred in intervals known as Baktuns, signifying one of the most important concepts in their culture. Kukulkan embodies the eternal cycle of death and rebirth. Priests and kings often claimed descent from this god to reinforce their power.

The Mayans built temples throughout Mesoamerica, with one at Chichen Itza honoring Kukulkan. This temple stands as a testament to the Mayans’ understanding of astronomy, architecture, and mathematics. The Temple of Kukulkan aligns with the sun’s movements, creating a spectacular event during the spring and fall equinoxes. When the sun hits the pyramid at just the right angle, it casts a shadow down the northern stairway, resembling a serpent slithering down to the base. [Read More]

Before the NBA, Black Athletes Shined in the Black Fives Era

by Owen Ayite-Atayi, age 17

In the era of segregation, before Black and white athletes played on the same basketball teams, Black athletes took the spot and made it into a cultural sensation. Although the invention of basketball evolved, teams were initially called “fives” to reference the starting five players on the court and were racially segregated.

From 1904, when basketball caught the eye of African American players, Black teams were often called “colored quints,” “Negro cagers,” or “black fives.” The game of basketball remained segregated until the 1950s. The period between 1904 and the racial integration of the National Basketball League and the National Basketball Association, was known as the Black Fives Era. During this time, dozens of all-African-American teams were able to flourish and blossom into dynamic franchises.

Teams sponsored by churches, “Colored” YMCA businesses, athletic and social clubs, and newspapers had very few places to play. Due to segregation, athletic clubs and gymnasiums were whites-only. When the phonograph, an instrument for reproducing sounds, arose in the 1900s, Black music like jazz, blues, and ragtime became outrageously popular. This paved the way for more dance halls and ballrooms, which were welcoming to Black people. This gave the Black Fives a place to play and belong. It also fused music and basketball. The music would feature the top Black musicians, and after games, dancing took place. These venues were organized by African American sports promoters. [Read More]

How Harley-Davidson Became a Motorcycle Legend

by Dellany Onyango, age 9

The Harley-Davidson Motor Company was one of the first successful American motorcycle companies. This Wisconsin-based company began in a small wooden shed which would become one of the most notorious motorcycle brands.

The company started up in 1903 and was incorporated soon after in 1907. It was founded in Milwaukee, Wisconsin by William S. Harley and Arthur Davidson. They were 21 and 20 years old when they sold their first motorcycle. The bike got its nickname “hog” after a Harley-Davidson racing team took a mascot pig on a victory lap after winning a race. The Harley bikes got their “bad-boy” image after an event in 1947. A biker gang terrorized a small town in Hollister, California, and a photograph was taken and published alongside an article in a magazine that captured the country’s attention. Thus, Harley’s got their “rebellious bad-boy” reputation.

The V-twin engine makes the classic loud “rrrm” sound when you rev the engine to start it up. These iconic bikes are known for how reliable and easy to repair they are. The Harley-Davidson Motor Company has made its mark throughout history. During World War II, it supplied thousands of motorcycles for the nation’s armed forces. [Read More]

The Story Behind the Keyboard That's Used Every Day

by Dellany Onyango age, 9

In the late 19th century, the novel invention of the QWERTY keyboard changed the way of typing for decades to come. As the use of typewriters grew in popularity by journalists, poets, and other writers, the QWERTY keyboard became the standard. It is now the most common keyboard layout used, including on cell phones.

In the 1860s, Christopher Sholes, Samuel W. Soule, and Carlos Glidden, collaboratively created and patented the first commercially successful manual typewriter. This typewriter came with the QWERTY keyboard as the default. The keyboard was named after the first six letters on the top row of the keyboard which are q, w, e, r, t, y. The patent to this typewriter was then sold to a company by the name of E. Remington & Sons. This mechanical machine became commonly known as the Remington Typewriter.

There have been several attempts to create alternative keyboard layouts. The Dvorak keyboard was made in the 1930’s by Professor August Dvorak and gained some public popularity. However, it could not stand up to the widespread QWERTY keyboard. [Read More]

How the Fifth Amendment Protects the People

by Theodore Morrison, age 17

“We the people of the United States,” is how the United States Constitution begins. One key part the Constitution that protects citizens is the Fifth Amendment.

The Constitution establishes the powers and restrictions of federal and state governments, and through numerous amendments, the unalienable rights intended to establish a free and prosperous society. Among those unalienable rights, the Fifth Amendment immortalizes the rights against self-incrimination, seizure of property without just compensation, the denial of due process, and double jeopardy.

The first part of the clause is the right against double jeopardy, which is the subjugation of a person to the same criminal accusation on multiple occasions. This is central to the idea that the American citizen is entitled to some assurance that they will not be harassed by government overreach. The right guarantees that if the government levies a charge against you and you are found innocent, they cannot charge you again with that same crime. [Read More]

The Cool History of Ice Harvesting in Wisconsin

by Malak Al-Quaraishi, age 14

Many years ago, people depended on ice to keep their produce and other items cold. They used what was essentially a modern-day refrigerator, but it was called an ice box. An ice box was a wooden or metal cabinet that held large blocks of ice to keep food cool before electric refrigerators became common.

Harvesting ice blocks was a dangerous and physically demanding process. Workers would travel to lakes across Wisconsin during the winter to cut large blocks of ice, sometimes weighing up to 300–500 pounds, and haul them away for storage in ice houses insulated with sawdust. This allowed the ice to stay frozen well into the summer. Although the job was risky, it paid well and helped many workers support their families.

Thanks to its many lakes and long, cold winters, Wisconsin became a key state for ice harvesting. The thick, clean ice from northern Wisconsin was especially valued. Ice was essential for transporting perishable goods like cheese, meat, milk, and beer, all important to Wisconsin’s economy. Breweries, especially in Milwaukee, were major consumers of ice. Companies like Pabst, Schlitz, and Miller relied heavily on ice to store and ship beer. [Read More]

Scientists See Traces of Ancient Mayan City in Southern Mexico Using Laser-sensor Technology

by Ayelen Flores, age 14

Scientists have discovered an ancient Mayan city using laser-sensor technology. Although the jungle was dense near the city, the technology was surprisingly able to detect the mysterious ruins.

The Mayan civilization existed in tropical lands in what is now Guatemala, Honduras, and southern Mexico. The Mayan people were a powerful group that influenced other civilizations alongside their people in the sixth century. The Mayans were known for their fascinating agricultural work, pottery, writing, and mathematics. The civilization slowly started fading away, and the great stone cities were abandoned by A.D. 900. The Mayans left many impressive architectural feats and artwork.

Using Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data collected in 2013, archaeologists spotted what looked like a city in the dense jungle in southern Mexico earlier this year. The scientists were able to identify structures that look like temples, platforms, housing units, and agricultural terraces. Scientists said the different structures could date back to A.D. 250 and 900 with this data. Soon after, it was determined to be a lost city and was named after a nearby lagoon called Valeriana. [Read More]

The Infamous Milwaukee Bridge Wars

by Theodore Morrison, age 17

Can you remember the last time you drove across a bridge? You probably cannot. Today, there are many bridges, so you tend to forget most of them. But in Wisconsin history, there was a time when bridges often caused significant conflict. In one famous case, battles were fought over bridges.

Milwaukee is Wisconsin's largest city. And in 1845, the stage was set for the so-called Milwaukee Bridge War. That’s when the cities of Kilbourntown and Walker’s Point were created alongside the pre-existing town of Juneautown, which was founded in 1834. The three towns, all located on the Milwaukee River, were vying for economic dominance in the region.

Conflict was sparked when the two competing settlements of Juneautown and Kilbourntown incorporated in what is now modern-day Milwaukee. Both towns were engaged in an economic stand-off started by the founder of Kilbourntown. As he attempted to advertise Juneautown as a less developed town despite the city holding several significant institutions. [Read More]

The Civilian Conservation Corps Transformed Wisconsin’s Landscape

by Daniel Li, age 17

In 1933 during the Great Depression, President Roosevelt launched the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) as part of his transformative New Deal program. This initiative provided much-needed jobs for young men while addressing critical needs across the United States. Over its nine-year lifespan, the CCC impacted both the natural landscape and the lives of millions of Americans, including those at Camp 657 in Wisconsin.

The CCC’s primary mission was to employ men to engage in conservation projects, reforestation, and construction of parks and public infrastructure. Camps were structured in a military format, with officers overseeing daily life. While this environment was consistent across the nation, regional characteristics shaped each camp’s culture, such as segregated camps in the South. By 1942, when the CCC was disbanded, over three million men had participated, and more than 4,000 camps had been established nationwide. The CCC’s legacy in Wisconsin includes Chequamegon-Nicolet National Forest, Devil’s Lake State Park, and Wyalusing State Park.

Camp 657, initially established in Fort Sheridan, Illinois, relocated to northern Wisconsin in 1933, eventually settling near Otter Lake in Elcho. Over its first four years, Camp 657 enrollees completed multiple tasks: constructing 83 miles of truck trails, 12 miles of fire breaks, 23 vehicular bridges, 235 miles of telephone lines, and multiple fire lookout towers and cabins. They also planted 1,379 acres of trees, stocked streams and ponds with fish, and improved forestlands and wildlife conditions. [Read More]

How Ancient Egyptians Made Mummies

by Marco Flores, age 10

The mummification process was a type of ritual performed in ancient Egypt to preserve a deceased body for the afterlife. While many may have heard about mummies, few know about their significance in ancient Egyptian culture or the process of mummification.

Mummies are deceased Egyptians covered in wrappings and put in a yellow or red shroud. Many types of mummies existed in ancient Egypt, each with its purpose. For instance, Ushabti was a mummy that was tasked with things to do in the afterlife. The Egyptians would also mummify dogs, cats, food, and birds for them to experience the afterlife. The food was preserved in this fashion with the idea that people could enjoy it in the afterlife – it was known as a “virtual mummy.”

If one were to be an emperor, king, or ruler, they would be buried in the Valley of the Kings. There, they were buried in shrines and glass cases covered in ancient art. Today, the Valley of the Kings is located at the Great Pyramids of Egypt. [Read More]

Frank Lloyd Wright Made Wisconsin a Place of Beautiful Architecture

by Ayelen Flores, age 14

Frank Lloyd Wright remains one of the most beloved architects of all time. Throughout his life, he created many remarkable architectural works, most of which are located in Wisconsin.

Wright was born on June 8, 1867, in Richland Center, Wisconsin, to parents William Carey Wright, a musician, and his wife, Anna Lloyd Jones, a teacher. He and his family traveled a lot until 1878, when they settled in Madison, Wisconsin. His parents divorced in 1885. Wright‘s childhood was difficult due to financial problems, but he always tried to help. At 18, Wright worked for Allan Conover, a civil engineering professor at UW-Madison. While working and studying there, he developed a passion for architecture. He even claimed to have designed UW-Madison’s iconic Science Hall, however, this claim has been debunked. After graduating, Wright worked as a draftsman under the renowned architect Louis Sullivan in Chicago.

One of Wright’s early works while under Sullivan was creating his own house, where he lived with his wife, Cathrine Lee Tobin, and had six children. The house was located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park. Wright incorporated many geometric shapes and played with empty spaces in the house, which showed his genuine passion for design. Even today, it is unclear whether Wright quit or was fired, but leaving the firm in 1893 gave him freedom and independence. [Read More]

The AAGPBL Changed the Game for Women in Baseball

by Max Moreno, age 12

In 1943, the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (AAGPBL) began in Wisconsin, with over 500 women participating. World War II influenced the AAGPBL. At the time, baseball was America's pastime and people were worried that the sport would come to a halt due to men being drafted to fight in the war.

Women were already playing a similar sport: softball. This sport was created in 1887 for indoor play and had the same rules as baseball, just with a smaller field, a bigger ball, and an underhand pitch. During the war, many people turned to softball as their main form of entertainment. Many thought of softball as a “women's sport” and baseball as a “men’s sport” but the AAGPBL proved otherwise.

The AAGPBL consisted of six teams, with three of them being established in Wisconsin: the Milwaukee Chicks, the Kenosha Comets, and the Racine Belles. The AAGPBL Chicks played for Milwaukee, but fans referred to the team as the “Brewerettes” after the city’s Minor League Baseball team, the Brewers. Player salaries were $40 to $80 per week compared to the average salary of $45 per week. Players were also required to wear skirts with shorts underneath in an attempt to portray a feminine image. Skirts didn't prevent players from sliding into bases, and many players would get badly scraped knees, or “strawberries” as these injuries were commonly known. [Read More]

Understanding Human Sacrifices in Ancient Aztec Culture

by Marco Flores, age 10

In ancient Aztec and Chancay times, human sacrifice was a significant religious ritual consisting of various steps. These ceremonies were conducted as offerings to the gods, ensuring good harvests, victory in battle, and cosmic balance.

Aztec sacrifices were performed by priests at temples such as the Templo Mayor in Tenochtitlán. A common method of sacrifice involved laying the individual on a sacrificial stone while four assistants held down their arms and legs. The high priest would then use an obsidian or flint knife to cut open the victim’s chest and remove the still-beating heart. The heart would be placed in a sacred vessel, while the body was sometimes rolled down the temple steps as an offering to the gods. In some instances, the limbs of the sacrificed individual were distributed among warriors or nobles for ritualistic cannibalism, a practice believed to honor the gods.

Another common method of Aztec sacrifice was performed using a Tecpatl, a ceremonial knife. Some records suggest that certain prisoners of war or criminals were stabbed with the knife before having their hearts removed. However, contrary to popular belief, the Aztecs did not typically sacrifice people for committing crimes. Most sacrificial victims were captured warriors from enemy civilizations or willing participants chosen for their honor in religious ceremonies. [Read More]

How the Franz Josef Glacier Was Formed in New Zealand

by Lina Al Quarishi, age 10

The Franz Joseph Glacier is seven miles long and located in New Zealand. The national park has alpine mountains, which are high, snowy mountains. How did this region develop into what it is today?

More than 500 million years ago, New Zealand was a part of a supercontinent known as Gondwana, which was located 35 degrees north of the equator. Over time, this supercontinent drifted south towards the South Pole. This initiated the glaciation of different parts of Gondwana and the regions that soon became Australia and New Zealand. Gondwana continued to move throughout millions of years, taking New Zealand northward to warmer zones where its ice slowly disappeared. However, some glaciers and snowy regions remained in New Zealand and were later discovered by explorers.

The Tasman Glacier took the name of the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman, who was sent on expeditions in 1642. Captain Cook, who arrived in 1769, noted the existence of the Franz Josef glacier, but a century passed until geologist Julius Von Haast explored it. [Read More]

The History Behind Wisconsin’s First People and Statehood

by Siwoo Park, age 12

Wisconsin, the state known for cheese-making and cranberries, has a much more complex history than agriculture. From tribal civilization to its current residents, Wisconsin has experienced many developments.

Before European settlers discovered Wisconsin, Paleo-Indians, the ancestors of modern tribes, inhabited the area around 12,000 years ago. Their existence is confirmed by effigy mounds, which are burial mounds shaped like animals or figures often representing the decedent’s connection to the creature. About 20 mounds survive in Madison today.

During the 1600s, Europeans who reached the region known as Wisconsin met various Native Americans. They encountered the Fox, Ho-Chunk, Sauk, Illinois, Miami, Mascouten, Ojibwa, Menominee, Kickapoo, Potawatomi, Huron, Ottawa, and Santee Sioux. Throughout history, these tribes would be reduced to the Ojibwas, Menominee, Ho-Chunk, and Santee Sioux as wars and political reasons drove them away. During the 1820s, four other Native American tribes traveled to Wisconsin. They were the Stockbridge and Munsee bands of Mohicans, the Brotherton, and the Oneida. [Read More]

New Theory Studies How Ice Age Hunters Used Clovis Point Technology

by John Agbo, age 14

Archaeologists have discovered intriguing evidence regarding hunting civilizations from 13,000 years ago during the Ice Age. The discovery showcased the hunting techniques of the Clovis people, offering a captivating glimpse into their resourceful ways of survival. Early humans, known as hominids, often hunted large prey like mammoths by surrounding them and attacking them with spears. However, research indicates this method was inefficient, as even a powerful thrust with a spear would likely only pierce a mammoth’s thick skin superficially.

Remnants of tools and weapons suggest that Ice Age hunters used ten-foot jagged stone pikes, a symbol of skill and survival in the dance of predator and prey. Pike hunting involves using a long pole or spear placed on the ground to skewer approaching animals, effectively immobilizing them for capture.

The alternative option for typical spear hunting was the Clovis point, a jagged stone spearhead with carefully cut edges. The Clovis people utilized them in North America. The craftsmanship of these weapons was extremely time-consuming, which motivated them not to lose, break, or let a wounded animal escape with one. Additionally, the tools had to be meticulously chipped to maximize their effectiveness and success, further emphasizing the importance of not losing them. [Read More]

Why the Great Wall Is More Than Just a Wall

by Ermiyas Abiy, age 9

The Great Wall of China is one of the most remarkable wonders of the world. It is a very well-known tourist attraction and a national icon in China.

The Great Wall was built in 221 B.C. and is most known for its tremendous length. The total length of this wall is approximately 21,000 kilometers long and 15-30 feet tall.

The initial purpose of the wall was to protect people from invasions. There are castle-like stands that intersect with the wall, which serve as watch and signal towers. These towers allowed soldiers to look out for potential threats and dangers. If you thought that the Great Wall of China was just one big wall, you are wrong. The wall consists of multiple walls that intersect with one another. During the campaign against the Xiongnu, a tribe from the area of Mongolia, the Chinese strengthened the wall due to conflict with the tribe. [Read More]

Queen Anne Boleyn's Scandal that Changed English History

by Siwoo Park, age 12

Anne Boleyn was perhaps the best-known of Henry VIII’s wives. She was the reason why Henry sought to break away from the Catholic Church to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Anne and Henry’s marriage was a scandal that profoundly impacted English history.

Anne Boleyn's early life is somewhat unclear, but historians believe she was born around 1501 at Blickling Hall in Norfolk. Anne’s family held respectable positions: her mother, Elizabeth Howard, was a descendant of King Edward I, and her father, Thomas Boleyn Sr., was a prominent courtier. She had two siblings who survived to adulthood, Mary and George Boleyn. Anne was educated at the courts of Margaret of Austria and the French court, where she learned the manners and etiquette that would later captivate Henry VIII.

After serving Mary Tudor, Henry VIII’s sister, and Queen Claude in France, Anne returned to England in 1521. Anne and her sister, Mary, became ladies-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII’s first wife. In 1522, Anne caught Henry VIII’s attention at a court masque with her foreign French fashion and refined manners. However, she was betrothed to a nobleman named Henry Percy. At Henry VIII’s request, Cardinal Wolsey, the king’s advisor, annulled their engagement, and Percy was forced into an arranged marriage by his family. [Read More]

How the Printing Press Sparked Literacy and Changed History

by Chelsea Zheng, age 12

The printing press is a device that allows for the efficient creation of books, pamphlets, and newspapers in large quantities. Its invention revolutionized the way information was shared and transformed society by making printed materials more accessible.

Although the identity of the first inventor remains unclear, the earliest known printed materials originated in China, where woodblock printing was developed around the 9th century. Later, in the 11th century, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in China. However, in 15th-century Europe, Johannes Gutenberg improved upon these earlier designs and created a mechanical movable-type printing press. Gutenberg’s invention made printing faster, more efficient, and more affordable. Within a century of its creation, the printing press had spread across Europe and laid the groundwork for mass communication.

The printing press had a profound impact on literacy and education. Before its invention, books were rare and expensive, limited to wealthy individuals and religious institutions. After the printing press became widespread, books became more affordable, allowing a larger portion of the population to read and learn. This expansion of literacy helped foster societal advancement and new intellectual movements. [Read More]

The 72 Counties that Make Up Wisconsin

by Estefania Garcia-Fox, age 13

Many Wisconsin counties were named after historical figures, such as John Quincy Adams, the sixth president of the United States.

Wisconsin used to be British land; however, it was transferred to American control in 1783, and in 1848 became a part of the United States.

States are divided into counties. Each county has a county seat where the county government offices are located. There are 72 counties in Wisconsin. In this state, there are county officials that are elected by voters for a four-year term. County officials work to ensure that counties continue to prosper and remain safe for their communities. County officials include the sheriff, county executive, district attorney, register of deeds, and treasurer. [Read More]

Name of New U.S. Navy Vessel Honors the City of Beloit, Wisconsin

by Ayelen Flores, age 14

A recently completed ship will be the third U.S. naval vessel named after a Wisconsin city. The USS Beloit, a new freedom-class littoral combat ship, honors that city’s history of diesel engines built for the military.

Beloit is a city in southern Wisconsin with roughly 36,000 people, who are very hardworking and proud of their accomplishments. All of the engines built there have been made by the manufacturer Fairbanks Morse Defense (FMD). FMD has around 250 workers on the east bank of the Rock River.

The engines built there are made by the manufacturer Fairbanks Morse Defense (FMD). [Read More]

Hylton Castle Reveals Its Hidden Medieval Past

by Riya Adhikari, age 13

The Hylton Castle was a magnificent castle that dates back to the late Middle Ages. It is believed that a wealthy royal family lived there. Today, the castle lies in ruins and its worn-down state offers glimpses into its stored history.

The Hylton Castle was huge. Back when the castle was first built, size implied power and authority. Archaeologists state that the castle had a dining hall, kitchen, tall towers, private rooms, and more. As an addition to the castle, there was a huge courtyard and a gatehouse that could have been a private residence for the lord and his family. Additionally, other parts of the courtyard would likely contain a space for communal feasting and other sources of entertainment.

The Hylton castle was likely constructed by hand, reflecting the craftsmanship of its time. Stone roof tiles were constructed on the main hall, overlapping one another and forming a stable and weather-resistant structure. Floor tiles of the structure were larger and thicker than other tiles used in the English construction of churches, castles, and palaces. These tiles had no distinct patterns and were a single-color glaze. [Read More]

Wisconsin’s Famous Joe “Unser Choe” Hauser Set Baseball Home Run Records

by Max Moreno, age 12

Joe Hauser was born and raised in Wisconsin and played baseball against legendary players, such as Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb. Babe Ruth was known as the home-run king in the major leagues. However, things were different for Hauser, who excelled in the minor leagues.

Hauser started his minor league career in 1918. He played on the same team that Babe Ruth started on when he was in the minors. Hauser played in the highest level of the minor leagues in Milwaukee, and earned the name “Unser Choe" since fans would chant “das ist unser choe,’’ which in German translates to “this is our Joe.” Hauser would then go on to play in the majors for the Philadelphia Athletics for five seasons. In 1924, Hauser played his best season in the major leagues, with 27 home runs second only to Ruth.

His success in the major leagues was cut short in April 1925 when he snapped his right kneecap, which needed surgery. At the time, surgeons used silver wire to mend his kneecap back together. In 1929, he went back to the minors and played for the Baltimore Orioles International minor league team. He hit 63 home runs and was the first professional player to hit 60 or more home runs in a season. Despite the injuries, he proved himself in 1933. While playing for the Minneapolis Millers he hit 69 home runs and remained the only player to hit 60 or more twice in his career until Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa did so in 1998 and 1999, respectively. [Read More]

Forest Hill Cemetery Is a Place of Rich History and Remembrance

by Ian Kosharek, age 12

Forest Hill Cemetery is astonishing with its decades of history. It is located in Madison, Wisconsin's west side on Speedway Road, near West High School. This cemetery was founded in January 1857 when the city of Madison purchased the land from John and Maia Wright for $10,000 in bonds.

Many esteemed people are buried at Forest Hill Cemetery. There are several notable scientists, including Harry Steenbock, who discovered Vitamin D, John Bardeen, who won Nobel Prizes for discovering superconductivity and inventing the transistor, and Edward Birge who invented the study of limnology, which UW-Madison is known for. There are also many politicians laid to rest here, including former U.S. Senator Bob LaFollette and his family, William Freeman Vilas who was Secretary of the Interior, and Levi Baker Vilas, the fourth mayor of Madison. There are also many soldiers from both sides of the Civil War buried at Forest Hill Cemetery.

Before it was a public cemetery, Native Americans used the land as high burial grounds. They also built mounds on this land in the late woodland period [650 to 1200 A.D] one being in the shape of a goose located in section 15 on the southeast side of the cemetery. The head of this mound was destroyed when the Illinois Central Railroad was built in the 1880s. Surprisingly, the rest of this mound still stands! [Read More]

The Duchess Who Became Queen of Two Countries

by Cataleya Garcia Fox, age 12

Eleanor of Aquitaine was one of the most powerful and influential rulers in medieval history, serving as both Queen of France and England.

Born in 1122, Eleanor was the Duchess of Aquitaine, a wealthy region in southwestern France. After her father died in 1137, at the age of 15, Eleanor became one of the most sought-after brides in Europe. King Louis VI of France arranged for her to marry his son, Prince Louis. Shortly after their wedding on July 25, 1137, Louis VI died, and Eleanor and her husband became King Louis VII and Queen of France.

Eleanor and Louis VII had two daughters, Marie and Alix, but their marriage began falling apart due to their inability to produce a male heir. This, along with Eleanor’s independent nature, led to their marriage being annulled in March 1152. The annulment returned Eleanor’s vast lands in Aquitaine to her control. [Read More]

How Zombies Became Halloween’s Most Iconic Monsters

by Will DeFour, age 15

With Halloween just around the corner, many monsters can be seen around Madison, in neighborhoods, yards, and windows. One of these classic horrors is the zombie, a walking corpse whose bite turns the living undead. Where did this myth come from, and how has this beast changed over the years?

The zombie's origins can be traced to West Africa and the stories told by enslaved people brought to Haiti. According to Haitian folklore, a zombie is a soulless body reanimated by a sorcerer's spell, often controlled to serve the sorcerer without a will of its own. This myth later became associated with the Haitian Vodou religion, a syncretic blend of West African, indigenous, and Roman Catholic traditions. The zombie myth found its way to the United States, inspiring numerous books and movies.

In 1872, the zombie was defined in the U.S. as “a phantom or ghost, often heard about in the southern states and among servants.” Decades later, author Zora Neale Hurston researched Haitian customs and included the zombie myth in her 1938 book Tell My Horse. She defined a zombie as “the living dead, people who are resurrected but without their souls. They can take orders and are never supposed to be tired, doing whatever their master says.” This definition highlights the zombie’s connection to themes of slavery and control in Caribbean folklore. [Read More]

Why Is Halloween Celebrated on October 31st?

by Elim Eyobed, age 13

On October 31st, people in the United States celebrate Halloween. During this holiday, people walk through neighborhoods knocking on doors for treats, an activity commonly known as trick-or-treating. This holiday has roots that go back more than 2,000 years, while the trick-or-treating tradition as we know it today has been around for about a century.

Halloween originated from a Celtic festival called Samhain, which took place in what is now Ireland, parts of the United Kingdom, and northern France. The Samhain festival marked the end of summer and the start of harvest and winter. To honor this event, Druids lit bonfires where people burned crops and sacrificed animals to Celtic gods. The Celts wore costumes made of various animals as part of the tradition. These costumes were meant to ward off spirits, as it was believed that during Samhain, the boundary between the living and the dead became thin, allowing spirits to cross over.

In the eighth century, Pope Gregory III recognized November 1st as the designated date to honor all saints. This eventually led to All Saints' Day, which incorporated some traditions of Samhain. The day after, November 2nd, became All Souls Day, a time for Christians to remember the deceased. The night before All Saints' Day became known as All-Hallows Eve, which later evolved into Halloween. [Read More]

Football’s European Origins Make It One of It’s Most Popular Sports

by Edwin Torres, age 13

Football, also referred to as soccer, is the world’s most popular sport. Just a ball, field, and goal markers are enough to play this fun game.

Evidence of ball games played with feet can be linked back to the third century BC in Rome and ancient Greece. Since its establishment, the sport has spread across different parts of the world. The sport’s family consists of American football, rugby, and Gaelic football.

Modern soccer comes from the United Kingdom, where villages competed in violent matches over vast areas. At that time, rules were not established, therefore, one could play however they wanted. In 1863, the first soccer rules were established. [Read More]

The Story Behind The Statue of Liberty: A French Gift to America

by Marco Flores, age 10

The Statue of Liberty has appeared in countless forms of media since it was first unveiled in the United States in 1886. Surprisingly, the statue does not originate from the U.S. it was a gift from France to symbolize friendship and shared ideals of freedom. The project was originally conceived by French political thinker Édouard René de Laboulaye, who wanted to celebrate America’s independence and liberty. He enlisted the sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who brought the vision to life.

Frédéric Bartholdi was inspired by the concept of liberty, drawing on the famous painting Liberty Leading the People by Eugène Delacroix. Bartholdi collaborated with the engineer Gustave Eiffel, who designed the statue’s internal iron support structure, while Bartholdi focused on the external design. Interestingly, Bartholdi had initially planned to create a lighthouse for the Suez Canal in Egypt in the form of a towering figure holding a torch, but he adapted this idea for the Statue of Liberty.

The statue was completed in France in 1884, and on July 4 of that year, it was symbolically presented as a gift from France to the U.S. However, the statue didn’t arrive in New York until the following year, and it was formally unveiled on October 28, 1886. Today, the Statue of Liberty stands as a world-famous symbol of freedom, welcoming over 4 million visitors each year. [Read More]

How Coco Chanel Transformed Women’s Style Forever

by Sedona Afeworki, age 16

Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel, famously known as “Coco Chanel,” was an international businesswoman and founder of the iconic Chanel brand, known for revolutionizing women’s fashion with a variety of products including clothing and perfume.

Chanel was born in 1883 in Saumur, France, though she sometimes told people she was born in 1893 in Auvergne. After her mother passed away, her father abandoned her and her siblings, leading Chanel to spend much of her youth in a convent orphanage. Originally, she didn’t plan on working in fashion; at age 17, she became a cabaret singer, performing at places like La Rotonde. She soon became involved with wealthy men, including Étienne Balsan and Arthur “Boy” Capel, who supported her interest in fashion.

In 1910, Chanel opened her first hat shop, Chanel Modes, in Paris, using Balsan’s financial support. Her innovative designs and strong business skills soon made her brand a sensation. In 1926, she introduced her famous “little black dress,” making elegant fashion accessible to women. In 1921, she launched “Chanel No. 5,” the first designer fragrance, which became a worldwide success. [Read More]

The History of Corn From Ancient Mesoamerica to Today

by Edwin Torres, age 13

Corn is an ancient grain with an interesting history that most people have not heard about. Originating in Mesoamerica, specifically Mexico, corn is now widely enjoyed and produced across the world. However, only 40 percent of corn that is grown is consumed by people, while the remaining 60 percent is used as animal feed.

Modern corn as we know it did not exist 10,000 years ago. Instead, its ancestor was a wild grass called teosinte. Teosinte did not look like the corn we know today, but farmers in Mexico began the process of domestication around 9,000 years ago by selecting kernels to plant. While the history of corn is still debated, there is evidence showing that the domestication of corn began in the South Central region of Mexico.

For centuries, corn has been valued as an important crop for people. In fact, corn was so important that indigenous Mesoamericans even worshipped it and believed that it was a gift from the gods. One reason why corn was appreciated so much was that the crop was relatively easy to grow. This made corn an amazing crop for feeding the population and provided the leaders of indigenous civilizations with more power. [Read More]

The True Haunting Behind The Conjuring

by Atisse Robbins, age 13

Many may not realize that the well-known horror film The Conjuring is inspired by a true story. Set in 1971, The Conjuring follows the Perron family, parents Carolyn and Roger, and their daughters Andrea, Nancy, Christine, Cindy, and April, who moved into a large 12-bedroom house in Rhode Island. Shortly after moving in, the family began noticing strange occurrences. Items would go missing, sounds echoed through the house, and dirt mysteriously appeared on the kitchen floor. They even reported a foul smell like rotting flesh, and the father, Roger, claimed that a cold presence followed him whenever he entered the basement, even though the heater was working.

Some believe these activities were linked to a former resident, Bathsheba Sherman, rumored to have practiced witchcraft. Local legends claimed she might have cursed the house, although no solid evidence exists to suggest she was a Satanist or involved in a child’s death. Nevertheless, the family feared it was Bathsheba’s spirit haunting them.

To help, paranormal investigators Ed and Lorraine Warren, famous for their cases of haunting and demonic activity, visited the Perron home. The Warrens typically didn’t charge for investigations, instead earning a living from lectures and book sales. Lorraine once stated, “When there is no religion, it is terrifying,” explaining her belief that faith was a person’s best protection, regardless of specific beliefs. [Read More]

Vampire Origins: How 18th-Century Horror Shaped a Timeless Monster

by Will DeFour, age 15

Whether you play Dungeons & Dragons, go trick-or-treating, or watch Twilight, you've probably heard stories of pale figures who drink blood and hate garlic. These undead are called vampires and are a classic example of Gothic horror. Yet their history remains mostly unheard and is well worth learning.

The first known mention of a vampire figure dates back nearly 1,000 years to Eastern Europe, where it was called an “Upir.” The origins of this term are unclear, but it may have referred to an “evil spirit” or “witch,” appearing in the folklore of Slavic and Baltic regions. Due to the term’s murky origins and variations, historians have struggled to pinpoint the beginning of vampiric belief.

Though the concept of the vampire is ancient, the term “vampire” itself first appeared in 1725. At that time, Austro-Hungarian authorities heard strange stories from lands taken from the Ottoman Empire. They sent military investigators, who reported a case involving Petar Blagojević, a peasant from Kisiljevo, Serbia, whose exhumed body was staked and burned after villagers claimed he attacked them after death. [Read More]

What Is a Governor?

by Owen Ayite-Atayi, age 17

A governor oversees and carries out laws that are needed in their state. Governors don't get to write state laws, but they have other people in power to help with their decisions.

To become a governor in the state of Wisconsin, the minimum age requirement is 18, but this varies among other states. There are many powers when it comes to becoming a governor, such as legislative role, appointment powers, and clemency power. If a governor were to vacate their office, the lieutenant governor would take over. Every state except Oregon can impeach its governor.

Many governors, including Wisconsin governors, have the authority to pick state court judges. There are two important rules for governors in their relationship with state Legislatures. They are able to propose legislation and set policy priorities. And they are also entitled to announce and call legislative sessions. [Read More]

Vinnie Ream Hoxie: The Woman Who Sculpted Lincoln

by Allison Torres, age 15

The famous statue of Abraham Lincoln in Washington D.C. created by Vinnie Ream proved to society that women could create valuable art.

Ream was born in 1847 in Madison, Wisconsin, where she lived for ten years. Her family moved to Missouri, but later relocated to Washington D.C. during the Civil War. In 1863, Ream had a chance to visit Clark Mills’s studios and see multiple sculptures. Inspired by what she saw, she began sculpting. Ream recalled, “I felt at once that I, too, could model and, taking the clay, in a few hours I produced a medallion of an Indian chief’s head.”

She began sculpting busts of prominent men, including General George Armstrong Custer, Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, and New York editor Horace Greeley. Eventually, her friends helped arrange for her to sculpt a bust of President Lincoln. [Read More]

How the Bennett Law Sparked Debate in Wisconsin’s Schools

by John Agbo, age 13

The government designs laws with the right intentions, but sometimes those intentions can lead to bad policy. The Bennett Law is one such example.

In the mid-1800s, there was a large increase in German and Scandinavian immigrants from Europe to Wisconsin. They established schools in their native languages, so children could understand what they were learning in American schools, and maintain their cultural heritage. The state government was first introduced to this law by Michael J. Bennett, an assemblyman from Iowa County. His extensions were to establish public or private education for children across the state. However, the public's sentiment escalated and this became controversial. It stated that children must attend a public or private school, but that the students must be taught all subjects, including U.S. history, in English only. The bill was signed into law on April 17, 1889, by Governor Hoard.

Few people had problems with mandatory school attendance, but the language requirement started a torrent of criticism. While some, like Horace Rublee, editor of the Milwaukee Sentinel, believed that the law was an effective way to enforce the English language, others were unable to understand English and opposed the English language requirement provisions of the law. The Lutheran and Catholic German churches were also opposed to the law; they wanted their children to attend the school of their choice. Other ethnic groups, such as the Irish and Scandinavians shared similar sentiments and felt as if the law was a personal attack on their native language. Wisconsin Governor William Dempster Hoard was shocked, and insisted that children of immigrants must learn English to enable them to be “useful citizens.” During the 1890 election, the Republican Party came out in favor of the law. Democrats were opposed to it. The Christian and Lutheran churches aligned themselves with the Democrats. The Scandinavian, Irish, and German, alike, voted Democratic party or withheld their vote. In 1891, the Bennett Law was repealed. [Read More]

The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra, Egypt’s Last Pharaoh

by Estefania Garcia-Fox, age 13

Cleopatra was one of the last rulers of the Ptolemaic dynasty after her father died in 51 BC. She was known to be one of the most famous pharaohs of this period for transitioning Ptolemaic Egypt to Roman Egypt and for holding a great deal of power.

Cleopatra Thea Philopator was born in Alexandria, Egypt, in January 69 BC. She was the second oldest of four. During Cleopatra's early childhood, she was brought up in the palace of Alexandria in Egypt and was well educated. By adulthood, she was well-versed in many languages.

When Cleopatra’s dad died in 51 BC, he passed his throne on to his son Ptolemy XIII and his daughter Cleopatra VII, and they became co-rulers of Egypt. Soon after claiming the throne, they married each other. [Read More]

Helen Keller Overcoming Deafness and Blindness to Inspire the World

by Abigail Gezae, age 12

Helen Keller became blind and deaf at the young age of 19 months due to an illness. She was born on a small farm in Tuscumbia, Alabama. Arthur Keller was Helen’s father, and his young second wife, Kate Adams, was her mother.

At six months of age, Helen was advanced in her learning and was beginning to speak. Helen was doing very well until she became sick with a mysterious illness, which the doctors thought was German measles. Today, doctors believe Helen’s childhood illness was likely scarlet fever or meningitis. This illness caused Helen to lose her sense of sight and hearing. Over time, Helen forgot her memories of sight and sound, growing used to silence and darkness. Her family developed a way to communicate with her, and Helen created more than 50 signs to express her feelings and frustrations, which were growing.

At the age of seven, Helen was sent to the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston, Massachusetts, where she met a young teacher named Anne Mansfield Sullivan. Anne was later sent to work with Helen at her home. Helen’s initial frustrations and attitudes made her a difficult student, but Anne was persistent. After setting some boundaries, they were able to work together. Anne began teaching Helen the names of objects by spelling them out. Anne would write letters on Helen’s palm to connect these patterns with the objects they described. When Anne spelled the word “water,” Helen experienced a breakthrough, recalling her early memories of language, which helped her develop her communication skills. [Read More]

How Protests Led to the Bombing of UW's Sterling Hall

by Siheon Park, age 11

During the 1960s, many University of Wisconsin-Madison students were protesting the Vietnam War. Police broke up a student protest by using mace and clubs. The protest was about the Dow Chemical Company that produced a deadly chemical called Napalm for the U.S. military, but later on, it would lead to one of the most mysterious cases of domestic terrorism in Wisconsin history.

On Aug, 24, 1970, a group of men bombed Sterling Hall of UW-Madison, which was home to the Army Math Research Center, killing physicist Robert Fassnacht, and injuring four other researchers. The bombers were Karl and Dwight Armstrong, Leo Burt, and David Fine. The called themselves “The New Years Gang”.

The bombing of Sterling Hall wasn’t their only attack. Earlier in the year on January 1st, 1970, Karl and Dwight Armstrong attempted to bomb the Badger Army Ammunition Plant in Baraboo, but the bomb failed to go off. Later on, they were involved in bombing the ROTC offices and US draft board in the spring. [Read More]

The True Story of Vikings Beyond Raiding and Warfare

by Haliah Berkowitz, age 13

When people hear of Vikings, they often think of mass murderers, killers, and savages. In reality, Vikings were peaceful people much of the time. They valued protection and self-preservation, and they fought only when necessary. They also pursued various hobbies, crafted stunning boats, and settled in some of the most beautiful lands we cherish today.

The Viking Age lasted from around 800 to 1050 AD. Their homeland was primarily Scandinavia, including modern-day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, but they also traveled to and settled in other parts of Europe. While we often group Vikings by their homelands—Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish—they shared a common culture and often moved between these regions.

In most historical depictions, Vikings are shown as ruthless raiders. While this is partially true, they also enjoyed peaceful activities like farming, fishing, and boatbuilding. They were master boatbuilders, known especially for their longships, which were designed for speed and easy navigation. These ships were double-ended, allowing for quick reversals and greater efficiency in difficult weather conditions, such as ice storms or downpours. [Read More]

The WWII Japanese Pilot Who Attacked Oregon

by Max Moreno, age 12

Nobuo Fujita was a Japanese naval aviator who bombed forests in Oregon with the goal of setting back the U.S. by burning valuable timber and forcing the country to divert military resources to fight fires. He was also the first Axis pilot to bomb the contiguous U.S.

It all started on April 18, 1942, when the U.S. launched the Doolittle Raid. The attack targeted several cities in Japan in retaliation for Pearl Harbor. The raid was named after the lead pilot, Lieutenant Colonel James H. Doolittle. The mission involved 16 B-25 Mitchell bomber planes that took off from the USS Hornet, located about 650 miles off the coast of Japan. The bombers attacked Tokyo, Kobe, Nagoya, and Yokohama, but because of the long distances involved, most of them ran out of fuel and had to either crash-land in China or ditch in the sea. Although the raid caused little physical damage, it significantly boosted U.S. morale. [Read More]

What Happened to the Aral Sea?

by Dulce Vazquez, age 15

The Aral Sea was once the fourth-largest lake in the world but is now practically gone. This sea is located in Central Asia, between southern Kazakhstan and northern Uzbekistan.

The Aral Sea is actually a saltwater lake, as it has no outlet to the ocean. It was formed by water flowing from various rivers and glacial melt. As one of the largest lakes, the Aral provided water and fish, which were crucial to the region. It supported farming, the fishing industry, and even tourism in the area, attracting people from surrounding regions.

However, the Soviet Union initiated a major water diversion project in the 1960s to irrigate cotton fields. Water from the rivers feeding the Aral Sea had been diverted for irrigation by the Soviet Union since the 1920s, but the 1960s saw the beginning of large-scale redirection. The Aral Sea, once deep blue and teeming with fish, had shrunk to half its original size by the end of the 1960s. The decline continued, and by 1987, the lake split into the Northern Aral Sea in Kazakhstan and the Southern Aral Sea in Uzbekistan. [Read More]

Amelia Earhart Breaking Barriers in Aviation History

by Ermiyas Abiy, age 8

Amelia Earhart was the first female pilot to fly alone on transatlantic and transpacific flights. She is also known as a pioneer for women aviators.

Amelia was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. Amelia’s childhood was hard due to many problems. Her dad, Edwin, had alcoholism, and she and her sister, Meriel, lived with their grandparents for 12 years.

During World War I, Amelia went to Toronto with her sister. She got a job as a nursing assistant to care for hurt soldiers. After the war ended, she trained to become a doctor, but her passion was piloting. [Read More]

Madam C.J. Walker's Legacy in Beauty and Empowerment

by Moore Vang, age 15

A pioneer in African-American history, Madam C.J. Walker has had a lasting

impact on the beauty industry and African-American history in the U.S. during the late 1800s to early 1900s. She is most well known for creating hair products for Black women at a time when they did not have access to specific products for their hair. Walker created a successful business for herself and helped provide for others throughout her career.

Madam, born Sarah Breedlove, was born on Dec 23, 1867, in Delta, Louisiana. She was born free and grew up as a sharecropper alongside her family. Her parents died when she was young, so she lived with her older sister until she turned 14. She ran away and married a man named Moses McWilliams after her sister’s husband became too abusive towards her. Sarah gave birth before the age of 17 to her daughter Lelia who was her only child. Unexpectedly, Moses passed away only three years after Lelia’s birth, leaving Madam as a widowed mother. [Read More]

The Virgin Queen Who Defined England's Golden Age

by Siwoo Park, age 12

Queen Elizabeth I of Britain, also known as “The Virgin Queen,” was an impactful monarch who defeated the Spanish Armada, calmed theological conflicts, and used her power and status to help her people.

Elizabeth Tudor was born from a controversial marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII on Sept. 7, 1533. Anne could only bear Elizabeth as Henry fell out of love with her. In 1535, Henry accused Anne of adultery, incest, and high treason, which led to her execution, two years after Elizabeth’s birth. Her step-brother Edward was born in a different marriage, and her ascension to the throne became risky as Edward was first in line to the throne. Her older Catholic step-sister, Mary I, disliked Elizabeth’s Protestant views.

Elizabeth was raised with tutors and private instructors during her childhood. She was a quick learner of language and the classics. She also excelled in horse riding, archery, dancing, and playing a keyboard instrument called virginals. [Read More]

Manitowoc's Submarines: Wisconsin's Key Contribution to Victory in WWII

by Max Moreno, age 11

A shipbuilding company in Wisconsin helped the U.S. defeat Japan in World War II. Charles C. West, the President of Manitowoc Shipbuilding Co., initially wanted to build destroyer ships under a Navy contract.

However, during the Great Depression, the Navy made their contracts unavailable due to the lack of funds. With the start of WWII, contracts became available again. West presented his idea of building destroyers to the Navy but was redirected by a Navy representative to build submarines instead. Despite their initial inexperience, West's 500 employees adapted to the challenge of building submarines. The shallow Manitowoc River made launching submarines difficult, but the company innovated a side-launch technique to fit the submarines in the narrow river. [Read More]

The Life of Catherine of Aragon

by Siwoo Park, age 12

Intelligent, stubborn, and wronged, Catherine of Aragon was Henry VIII's first wife and one of many influences that dramatically changed Henry's religious beliefs and perspective of marriage. She was an agent of both change and drama, as she was dragged into the matter of Henry VIII’s desires.

Catherine of Aragon was born on December 16, 1485, in Spain. She was the youngest daughter of King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castille. As Isabella wished, all her children, including Catherine, were well-educated. Catherine studied Catholic literature to learn Latin and other modern languages.

When Catherine was a child, her parents wanted to ally with England, specifically Henry VII. Both monarchs arranged her marriage to the oldest son of Henry VII, Prince Arthur of Wales. In 1501, Catherine set sail to England alone at 15. [Read More]

The History Behind America's Iconic Monument

by Ermiyas Abiy, age 8

Mount Rushmore is a monument meant to represent democracy and memorialize U.S. Presidents who led the country at different times. The granite cliff, located in South Dakota, depicts former presidents: George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln.

Initially, the designer and sculptor planned for the monument to include the leaders down to their waists, but that didn’t happen due to low funding, Gutzon Borglum’s death, and the onset of World War II. Instead, sculptors Gutzon Borglum and his son, Lincoln Borglum, focused on carving only the heads.

Borglum, born in Idaho in 1867, was a famous artist. Building Mount Rushmore was a dangerous job due to the height of the monument and the tools used. Borglum and Lincoln directed miners and masons, who ultimately used dynamite to remove large portions of rock. Despite the use of dynamite for the rough work, chisels were employed to carve the finer details of the presidents’ heads. [Read More]

The History and Meaning Behind Tarot Cards

by Marco Gonzales, age 9

Tarot is a special card deck used for fortune-telling, but that wasn’t always true. It originated in Italy during the 1440s, when a fifth suit of 21 cards called "trionfi" (triumphs) and a "fool" card were added to a typical four-suited pack of cards. Originally, tarot was used as a game called "tarocchi," not for divination.

The modern tarot deck is based on the Marseille Tarot, consisting of 78 cards split into two groups: the major and minor arcana. The major arcana has 22 cards known as trumps, while the minor arcana has 56 cards. A special card in the deck is the Fool, also known as "Il Matto" in Italian or "Le Mat" in French. [Read More]

The Life and Career of Harry Whitehorse

by Kaleab Afeworki, age 12

Harry Whitehorse was a famous artist born in Black River Falls, Wisconsin in 1927. He was born in a wigwam which is the Ho-Chunk’s traditional housing.

When Harry was young, he was a student at Tomah Indian Boarding School where teachers discovered his talent in oil painting and drawing. His skills and appreciation for art blossomed as he progressed in life.

When he served in the military for WWII, his love for art grew especially after visiting the great museums of the Orient and Europe. Artwork in these locations inspired Whitehorse to pursue a career as an artist. After the war, Whitehorse graduated from the Arthur Colt School of Fine Arts at UW-Madison where he studied oil painting. He also studied welding and metal fabrication from a local technical college. [Read More]

Anne Frank’s Story and the Diary that Survived the Holocaust

by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 14

Anne Frank is known for her famous diaries from the Holocaust which are filled with many emotional memories. Anne went into hiding, was captured, and died during WWII. She would not be known today if it were not for her father Otto Frank, who published Anne’s diary.

Before the tragic events of the holocaust, Anne lived a normal teenage life. She was born into an upper-class Jewish family in Frankfurt, Germany. When the Nazis started to implement their policies, Otto decided to leave Germany and move to Amsterdam. He started his business called the “Dutch Opekta Company.” During this time, as the Nazis became more aggressive, Jews were taken to concentration camps and treated inhumanely. The treatment from Nazis became so harsh that the Franks, alongside four other friends, went into hiding. They hid above Otto’s business, called the annexe, with the help of other friends. Two weeks before going into hiding, Anne turned 13, and was gifted her diary, “Kitty.” [Read More]

The Battle of Wisconsin Heights

by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 14

The Battle of Wisconsin Heights was the turning point of the Black Hawk War, an historic event that helped shape Wisconsin. It is also a very important battle because it was the last Indigenous battle to happen in the United States. A critical outcome of the battle was the decrease of the Native American population.

The “Black Hawk War'' refers to the conflict between the U.S. and Sauk American Indians. It was named after Black Hawk, the leader of the Sauk tribe, who led the Fox, Kickapoo and Ho-Chunk tribes in battle. The Battle of Wisconsin Heights began on July 21, 1832, when about 120 warriors and 700 non-combatants passed through what is now downtown Madison. The Sauk hiked over the landmarks now known as the Capitol Square, UW-Madison campus, and Lake Mendota. The Sauk starved throughout the duration of the journey, which led many to be caught or killed by soldiers. After reaching the south shore of the Wisconsin River, U.S. troops fired upon the Sauk who tried to cross the Wisconsin River while the sun was setting. The troops had been deployed in that same spot since morning. [Read More]

What's the Difference Between Karate and Kung Fu?

by Semaia Zerezghi, age 9

Two of the most well-known martial arts are Karate and Kung Fu. However, few people often know the difference between the two.

The most unique aspects and distinguishing features of Karate and Kung Fu lie in their differences in place of origin and overall fighting style. Additionally, they have different histories and practices.

Karate, which means "empty hands," is a martial art that requires no weapons and was developed in Okinawa, Japan. From its origin in Okinawa, Karate slowly grew and became a popular sport. It even debuted at the Tokyo, Japan, Olympic Games in 2020. Unfortunately, Karate was a sport for the Summer Olympics in Paris, France, 2024. [Read More]

How Speed Defined World War II Blitzkrieg Tactics

by Jafet Morales, age ll

After World War I, Germany developed a war tactic called blitzkrieg: a concentrated strategy combining power, speed, leadership, and coordination. This strategic approach helped the Nazis achieve early victories in World War II (WWII). Despite initial successes, Germany ultimately faced defeat after six years of fighting against the United Kingdom, the United States of America, the Soviet Union, and various resistance groups in occupied territories.

Surprise attacks and creating panic were crucial aspects of Nazi blitzkrieg tactics. Stuka dive bombers, recognizable for their menacing sirens, were deployed to divebomb enemy targets, instilling fear and disrupting defenses. However, the sirens' noise also slowed the aircraft, increasing vulnerability to enemy fire. Stukas were a formidable symbol of German air power during the early stages of WWII. [Read More]

Remembering Lou Conter: The Last Survivor of the USS Arizona in Pearl Harbor

by Max Moreno, age 11

The devastating events of Pearl Harbor took the lives of many. After the tragic event, survivors of the attack recounted their experiences. Unfortunately, the last living survivor of the attack passed away in early April 2024, at the age of 102.

Lou Conter was born in Ojibwe, Wisconsin, on Sept. 13, 1921, and was a quartermaster in the Navy. He was standing on the main deck of the USS Arizona battleship when Japanese planes flew over and bombed the ship. The explosion lifted the ship 30 feet out of the water as one million pounds of gunpowder stored below the ship were set off. Everything was on fire. “Guys were running out of the fire trying to jump over the sides and oil all over the sea was burning,’’ Conter said. In his autobiography “The Lou Conter Story”, Counter describes how he joined other survivors in battle and aided those that were injured. The sailors only abandoned ships if the senior surviving officer was certain that everyone alive was rescued. The USS Arizona wreckage still lies where it sank with remains of more than 900 sailors and Marines inside. [Read More]

Learn the History of Wisconsin's State Capitol Buildings

by Atisse Robbins, age 13

Did you know Wisconsin's first capitol was not built in Madison? The first capitol building, called the territorial capitol, was built by James Atchison in the town of Old Belmont. The capitol was built around 1836, using wooden pieces made in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Today, the territorial capitol remains in Lafayette County as one of Wisconsin's historical sites.

The first state capitol was built under the supervision of James D. Doty and John O'Neill. Construction started in 1837, but it was not finished until 1848. It was expected to cost $40,000, but after it was completed, the expenses were $60,000. [Read More]

Nellie Bly Trailblazed a New Kind of Investigative Journalism

by Cataleya Garcia Fox, age 11

Elizabeth Jane Cochran, also known as Nellie Bly, was a journalist and record-setter who traveled around the world.

She was born in Cochran’s Mills, Pennsylvania, on May 5, 1864. Bly grew up with her older brothers and parents, who loved her very much. Unfortunately, her father passed away when she was six. Her family needed money, which led her to work more often. Bly truly wanted to teach but had to drop out of school to provide for her family.

When Bly was 16, she started reading an article in the Pittsburgh newspaper that described women as helpless and pathetic. The article shocked and offended her. She was not afraid to show that she had her rights. Thus, Bly wrote a letter to the editor expressing her thoughts and detailing how the article was offensive to women. The editor was impressed by Bly’s confidence; in fact, he wrote back, offering her a job. [Read More]

King Tutankhamen’s Reign and His Unfinished Tomb

by Marco Flores, age 9

Tutankhamen ruled Egypt from 1333 - 1323 B.C. He became king when he was only nine years old. Tut’s father, Akhenaten, had tried to change the religious beliefs of the land. He wanted the Egyptians to worship only Aten, the god of the sun. However, the priests, elites, and common people did not approve of this change. Despite this, the people had to follow the orders and submit to these beliefs.

After Tut's father passed, Tut took the throne and repaired old temples and paid for new statues of gods. He even changed his name from Tutankhaten to Tutankhamun after taking the throne.

Tut’s rule over Egypt did not last long. He died around the age of 19. Experts are uncertain about the cause of Tut’s death, but some speculate that it could have been due to a chariot crash, a mosquito bite, a bone illness, or some combination of these factors. After Tut’s death, the throne went to his advisor, Ay. [Read More]

From Fear to Fallout, The Manhattan Project and the Dawn of Nuclear Weapons

by Max Moreno, age 11

Amidst WWII, United States Authorities feared that Hitler would get his hands on nuclear weapons before them. As a result, President Roosevelt started the Manhattan Project to make the first atomic bomb.

Scientists figured out that if they split an atom in half, it released a lot of energy. On July 16, 1945, a scientist named Julius Robert Oppenheimer, also known as the father of the Atomic Bomb, and a few other scientists successfully made the first Atomic Bomb and named it Trinity. They set off the bomb in a remote desert in New Mexico. It had a blast force equivalent to 18,000 U.S. tons of TNT. Although Oppenheimer was happy that his creation was successful, he also feared its potential to create mass destruction.

By the time they made the bomb, Germany had already surrendered, and WWII was over in Europe, but Japan refused to surrender. President Truman decided to drop the bomb on Japan after estimating the U.S. would lose around 500,000 to 1 million soldiers if they tried to invade the country. Even though Oppenheimer disagreed he had to prove his loyalty to protect himself and his family. On Aug. 6, 1945, a bomb named Little Boy, which was around ten feet in length and weighed 10,000 pounds, was dropped by a B-29 bomber plane named Enola Gay on Hiroshima, Japan. [Read More]

Mary, Queen of Scots, Led a Life Full of Power, Love, and Betrayal

by Haliah Berkowitz, age 13

Many people know of Mary Queen of Scotland. However, few people know how she became queen, her adventures before and after the throne, and her many husbands and lovers.

Mary was born on December 8, 1542, a week before her father died. She became Queen of Scotland at six days old. It was previously agreed that she would wed the Prince of England. However, the Scots refused the arrangement. The English king sought to change their minds through force and power. A war broke out, and the battle was called the “Rough Wooing.”

In order to secure a Catholic alliance against Protestant England, Mary was sent to France to weather young French heir Dauphin. In 1561, the Dauphin died, still very young. Mary returned to Scotland as a widow. At this time, Scotland was going through a reformation due to a largely growing Protestant and lessening Catholic populace. [Read More]

Helena Rubinstein Built a Multimillion-Dollar Beauty Empire

by Ermiyas Abiy, age 8

Have you ever wondered how the makeup and cosmetic industry started? Are you curious to know who built a multimillion-dollar beauty industry? Helena Rubinstein was one of the first women to achieve this feat.

Helena Rubinstein was born on Christmas Day, December 25, 1870. She founded a global cosmetics empire, which began her journey of becoming one of the wealthiest women in the world. She used her wealth to create a product that would become one of the most successful on the planet. The foundation, a face cream, helped women's health. The brand was named after her and still exists to this day.

Helena always found business opportunities, especially when she visited some relatives in Australia. She discovered that women's skin was damaged and drier in hot weather. She combined her cream with a family formula that improved women's skin, leading her to be even more successful. [Read More]

Genghis Khan and the Rise of the Mongol Empire

by Marco Flores, age 9

The largest land empire was none other than the Mongol Empire. The empire stretched from Hungary to Korea and had more than 100,000,000 people living within the empire. They lived as nomadic tribes in a region that is now known as modern day Mongolia.

During the early 13th century, Temujin, a warlord, united the Mongol tribes. The Mongols warriors were fierce and had great skills for riding horses and archery. Temujin was given the name Genghis Khan for his great leadership.

In 1209, Genghis Khan attacked Xixia in northern China. In 1211, He got involved in the Jin Dynasty And turned on them. In 1223, the Mongol Empire expanded westward, conquering the Turkish Muslim Shaddom of Khwarizm in Persia. The Mongol were able to overcome the Turkic people, which were then recruited to the Mongol armies. Genghis Khan died in 1227 after a campaign in China and was succeeded by his son Ogodei. Under Ogodei, the empire continued to grow and expand. On the east, the Mongols conquered the Jin in 1234. Following this, they went to conquer the Southern Song, Caucasus, and Anatolia. In 1237 the Mongols even invaded Russia. [Read More]

Jackie Robinson, The Legend Who Changed Baseball

by Max Moreno, age 11

Jack Roosevelt Robinson, also known as Jackie Robinson was a legendary baseball player who broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball by becoming the first Black American to be in the MLB. However, Robinson wasn't just any ordinary baseball player.

Robinson was born on Jan. 31, 1919, and grew up in Cairo, Georgia. During high school he played many sports like baseball, basketball, football and track. He was also named the state's MVP in 1938. He attended UCLA, where he was the university's first student to win varsity letters in four sports. In the 1940s Robinson met his future wife, Rachel Isum, when they were attending UCLA and got married in 1946. However he had to drop out of UCLA just shy of graduation because he didn't have enough money. After moving to Honolulu Hawaii, Robinson played football for the semi-professional league but his season was cut short as the United States entered WWII. He was drafted to the war from 1942 to 1944 and served as a second lieutenant but never fought in combat. After he was discharged from the army, Robinson began to play baseball but at that time baseball was segregated and white and Black people played in different leagues. [Read More]

Göbekli Tepe Is the World's Oldest Temple

by Dayanara Flores Gonzalez, age 16

The Gobekli Tepe, also known as "Hill with a Navel" or "Potbelly Hill," is found ten miles northeast of Sanliurfa, an ancient city in southeastern Turkey. It was once named "Edessa" and is known as "The City of the Prophets."

Gobekli Tepe was discovered by a German archeologist named Klaus Schmidt, who formerly worked on a different ancient site that predated Gobekli Tepe. This site is the oldest man-made place of worship that has been discovered and dates back to 10,000 BCE.

These temples contained loft pillars with carved reliefs of different animals, such as snakes, foxes, and lions. Bones have been discovered on the site, which might have been used for ritual sacrifices and feasts. Gobekli Tepe was filled with numerous Neolithic flint tools, knives, choppers, and projectile points. [Read More]

Discovering Aztalan, Wisconsin's Hidden Ancient Civilization

by Aria McClinton, age 13

Aztalan was an ancient civilization located in what is now southern Wisconsin. It was discovered in the 1820s by American settlers, who named the hidden civilization but did not explore its origins.

Then came Increase A. Lapham, a natural scientist from Wisconsin. He revisited Aztalan in 1850 after the settlers. Lapham couldn't tell what used to be there. He studied and made detailed drawings of the area. These maps helped future researchers see what Aztalan was like before much of it was turned into farmland.

In 1919, Samuel Barrett, the founder of the Milwaukee Public Museum, did detailed research under the surface of Aztalan. At first, he thought the hills and bumps were effigy mounds from the Native Americans. Later, Barrett discovered that the Crawfish River cut a ravine through some of the land. He was excited because this revealed more tools, bones, and other artifacts. Later in his studies, he could tell that it was a very advanced civilization from things like structures or pottery. [Read More]

History Tells New Story of First Black American to Reach the North Pole

by Aubrey A Bevenue, age 12

Robert Peary is recognized as the first person to set foot on the North Pole. While he did not get a lot of recognition at the time, the African-American explorer, Matthew Henson was also ultimately recognized.

Matthew Henson was a skilled explorer. He was very experienced since he began his life on a merchant ship, starting when he was only 12 years old. He learned cartography and maritime astronomy while being at sea in the Arctic. He also spoke one of the main languages of people who lived near the Arctic, known as the Inuit language. Many people knew Henson as Miy Paliuk, which also translated to “Matthew, the kind one.” He also later had a son with an Inuit woman.

40 dogs pulled the sled that transported the explorers. The dogs ran for five days in freezing temperatures, and the men's faces became raw over time. Henson's accomplishments represented that African American people could also be successful. He wrote an autobiography in 1912, that talks about his success and challenges with his teammate and the journey. [Read More]

Machu Picchu Provides a Glimpse Into Past Inca Life

by Marco Gonzales, age 9

During the 20th century, Machu Picchu was rediscovered. At first, researchers thought it was Vilcabamba, a village where Incas were known to survive when the Spanish took over. However, this theory is now considered wrong; instead, Machu Picchu was likely an important ceremonial and religious site. Though the exact date of Machu's construction is unclear, it likely grew during the rapid expansion period of the Inca Empire at the end of the 15th century.

Machu Picchu was a site that contained gardens, terraces, ceremonial buildings, and palaces. Hundreds of steps connected the terraced gardens with aqueducts, fountains, and bath buildings throughout the land. Skeletons excavated from the site show that the female-male ratio was 10:1, which led to the belief that Machu Picchu was a site of sun worship and sanctuary for women, known as the Virgins of the Sun. Furthermore, there is evidence of a stone structure known as Intihuatana (Hitching Post of the Sun), which is thought to have been a device for calculating dates and solstices. [Read More]

Marilyn Monroe's Life of Fame Had a Tragic Behind-the-Scenes

by Siwoo Park, age 12

Marilyn Monroe was one of the most iconic film stars of the 1950s, and to this day, she remains a timeless image of beauty and style. Her rise to Hollywood fame was a “rags-to-riches” story, but was her reality all fame and glory?

Norma Jean Baker, later known as Marilyn Monroe, was born on June 1st, 1926. She was the daughter of Gladys Baker, who was a film editor for RKO Pictures. Unfortunately, Gladys’ mental state worsened after Norma’s birth, and she was transferred to a mental institution. During her childhood, Norma was put in orphanages and foster homes.

In 1941, Grace McKee Goddard, a friend of Gladys Baker, took Norma in as she could no longer afford to help her. Norma’s best alternative was to get married at the age of 16 to her 21-year-old neighbor. She married James Dougherty in 1942, but he joined the Merchant Marines and was sent to the South Pacific. [Read More]

Learn About Real Madrid's Century Long Soccer Success

by Juanes Palma, age 11

Real Madrid is a professional soccer team that has dominated European soccer at a level that exceeds many other teams. The complete name is Real Madrid Club de Futbol. They are also called Los Blancos, meaning “the whites” in English.

Real Madrid branched off from another team founded in 1897 in Madrid, Spain. It wasn't until 1902 that Real Madrid was officially founded. The team has had countless achievements since then. When the European Cup was first held in 1955-56, Real Madrid was the tournament’s first winner and continued to dominate the scene yearly.

On their team, they have had superstar players like Ferenc Puskas, Alfredo di Estefano, Paco Gento, Hector Rial, Miguel Muñoz, David Beckham, Luis Figo, Ronaldo, Zidane, Kaka’, and Cristiano Ronaldo, to name a few. They won five European Cups in a row. One of the teams they played against was Germany, winning 7-3 in 1960. [Read More]

Chief Buffalo: A Leader's Legacy in Preserving Ojibwe Rights

by Ian Kosharek age 11

Kechewaishke, known as Chief Buffalo, was the tribal leader of the Lake Superior Ojibwe people. He lived in La Pointe, which today is known as Madeline Island. Kechwaishke was born in 1759 and died in 1855.

Kechewaishke played a major role in signing treaties between the U.S. government and the Ojibwe tribe. He was well known for his work to conserve lands for Native Americans in Wisconsin, resisting attempts by the U.S. government to take away territories. Kechewaishke and the tribe peacefully protested against the U.S. government. His people valued and recognized his ability to speak publicly, and other Ojibwe tribes in the area began to recruit him as a spokesperson to negotiate treaties with the government.

Kechewaishke served as an authority figure who represented Ojibwe tribes in the Lake Superior region for the treaties of 1837 and 1842. In these treaties, he wrote letters describing his discontent with the United States government and its actions to gain control of native land to access lumber and other natural resources. At 93 years old, Kechewaishke even went to Washington, D.C., with other tribal leaders to speak about the injustices they faced by the government with President Millard Filmore. [Read More]

The History Football: A Rough and Thrilling U.S. Tradition

by Ermiyas Abiy, age 8

Football is a very interesting sport and fun to play! Lots of people like football and you might like playing football too. However, let me warn you, it is a very rough game. Football's first-ever game was in 1865. Rules for college football were made two years later and the very first NFL game was played in 1895.

When a match is played, it starts with a kickoff. The kickoff team kicks the football to the receiving team. One player from the receiving team catches the ball and must run it to the other side of the field – but here is where the game can get physical. The kickoff team can do anything they want. They can tackle, throw down, or push the ball carrier out of the sidelines. When the football goes out of the sidelines, it is called out of bounds.

The grassy football field is in the shape of a rectangle and is 120 yards long. For a team to score a touchdown, they must bring the football to their opponent’s endzone on the other side of the field, where they score six points. But while going down the field they have four tries, known as “downs”, to move the ball at least ten yards. Both offense and defense teams have 11 players on the field. [Read More]

How the Danish Resistance Fought Nazi Occupation with 'Illegal' Newspapers

by Allison Wallace, age 11

On April 9, 1940, Germany officially invaded and occupied Denmark, a small country in northern Europe that could not hold its own for very long. Most Danes opposed the occupation, so the Danish resistance was formed.

The Danish resistance comprised mostly young people who believed in Denmark's freedom. To update civilians on the resistance's latest news, multiple "illegal" newspapers were formed. One of the most well-known was De Frie-Danske, which translates to the Free Danes. These newspapers kept people up to date on what was going on, such as bombing Nazi supply trains and what was taking place in the war outside of Denmark. Since newspapers were deemed illegal, people often burned them after reading them. Danes kept a lot of other secrets, too. One way they accomplished this was through the use of code.

This was necessary because if the wrong people at the wrong time were to overhear them, there would be consequences. One example comes from a scene in the book Number the Stars by Lois Lowry, set during the Danish resistance. It has a character on the phone who uses cover words such as "going fishing" and "bringing cartons of cigarettes" to hide what they were actually doing, helping a Jewish character escape to Sweden by boat. [Read More]

The “Mataafa Blow” of 1905 was Lake Superior’s Greatest Storm

by Will DeFour, age 13

Lake Superior has sunk over 500 ships, claiming an estimated 30,000 lives. This lake's ability to sink ships is primarily attributed to the terrifying storms that terrorize its mountain-like waves. With hail storms, frigid waters, and winds reaching 70 miles an hour, it's no wonder this lake has taken so many lives. Some ships have become famous, such as the Edmund Fitzgerald, but one legendary storm sank almost 20 boats in just two days.

On November 27, 1905, this behemoth of a storm hit Lake Superior, caused by a low and high-pressure system violently hitting each other. Some captains foolishly tried to brave the storm. Those who attempted had to retreat to their harbors or sink thousands of feet below. Capt. Richard F. Humble of the Mataafa decided to brave the storm, not knowing that the sheer weight of this storm would soon humble him.

On the first day of the storm, after 12 hours of winds reaching hurricane speeds, Humble realized that there was no way he could face the weather. With snow falling so quickly that he could not see anything beyond the ship, the crew made their way closer to shore. The captain said, "The sea [Lake Superior] had become so large that it was running over our decks on both sides." Humble, with his back to the storm, decided to sail back to his home port as quickly as he could, unaware of the horrors that would await him there. [Read More]

How Local People Maintain the Great Mosque of Djenne in West Africa

by Dayanara Flores Gonzalez, age 16

Djenne is one of the oldest towns in sub-Saharan Africa. Dating back to 250 BC, it grew as an essential connection in the trans-Saharan gold trade and is described as the "Twin City" of ancient Timbuktu. Djenne's rich past is an integral part of Islamic history. It was a center for the spread of Islam in Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries. Djenne continues to be a representative of Islamic architecture in sub-Saharan Africa.

Ancient architecture in West Africa uses Earth elaborately. It is home to an abundance of clay houses that blend into its natural surroundings and is the largest earthen mud structure in the world. Every spring, there is a festival that brings the entire town population together to celebrate faith and heritage. This festival is called the Crepissage or the "plastering."

The residents of Djenne work together every year to replaster the Great Mosque. Like the town's traditional clay homes, the mosque contains earthen mud walls coated with adobe plaster. The Sudano-Sahelian architecture, the original structure of the mosque, is believed to have been built around the 13th century. The mosque has been reconstructed at least twice. [Read More]

Learn About the Armored Giant of the Dinosaur World

by Ermiyas Abiy, age 8

The Ankylosaurus was an armored dinosaur species that became extinct long ago. It was the heaviest armored dinosaur in the world. Surprisingly, there were spikes in their skin, too! With its solid and durable plates, this herbivorous dinosaur was very hard to attack and quickly defended itself. Their plates served as protection against carnivores, and male Ankylosaurs also used them in self-defense against other males to win over their mates.

There were two main sub-species of the Ankylosaurus: nodosaurs and ankylosaurs. Ankylosaurs had wider spikes than the nodosaurs. Most Ankylosaurus were about the size of a military tank, weighed about 10,000 pounds, and were 30 feet long. Scientists believe that this enormous dinosaur could move three miles an hour, which is no faster than a human walking. This may come as a surprise, considering it was a dinosaur.

The Ankylosaurus had a cube-like rock at the end of its tail that could swing at any predator in danger. This tail could be turned with such force that it could break an ancient crocodile's bones with just one blow. These dinosaurs lived for a long time through the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Ankylosaurus fossils have been found on almost every continent, including Antarctica, but not Africa! The Ankylosaurus went extinct 70 million to 66 million years ago. [Read More]

Wisconsin's Long History of Schools for the Blind and Deaf

by Dayanara Flores Gonzalez, age 16

Most students know how to read and write, but these tasks are difficult or even impossible for students who can’t see or hear. Parents in Wisconsin have sent their visually impaired children to special schools to be educated since the 1800s.

Before Wisconsin was a state, citizens had already noticed that educational facilities for visually and hearing impaired children needed to be provided. In 1843, Increase A. Lapham petitioned Congress to give funds to build schools for visually and hearing-impaired children, but nothing was done to make a change. The institution first began in Janesville when private citizens decided to create the first state school for impaired students. J.T. Axtell, a graduate of the Ohio Institution for the Blind, arranged a village meeting explaining several methods to teach children with defective vision.

Thirty residents gave $430 to start a school and purchase construction equipment. In October 1849, eight visually impaired students attended the first school for the impaired in the state, held in a private home. They asked the Legislature to help fund their school, and landmakers approved. The school tax-supported a budget of $2,500 to keep the school running in its building. [Read More]

The Milwaukee Bucks' Historic Victory Over the U.S.S.R

by Zayn Khalid, age 13

The United States and the Soviet National team (U.S.S.R.) had one of the biggest basketball rivalries of the '70s and '80s, especially when the U.S. lost to the U.S.S.R. in the 1972 Olympic finals. Then 15 years later, the Milwaukee Bucks played the U.S.S.R., and the game was not even close.

In 1987, the Milwaukee Bucks beat the U.S.S.R. at the McDonald’s Basketball Open. The final score of the game was 127-100 with the Bucks leading by 50 points at some parts of the game. The win was the second of a three-day tournament.

The Bucks still dominated with three of their better players out, including Sydney Moncrief, who had just received knee surgery, John Lucas, and Rickey Pierce. The U.S.S.R. was also missing players like their dominant 7 '2 center Arvidas Sabonis, due to an Achilles injury, and his backup, Aleksandr Belosteni, who suffered a sprained left ankle. [Read More]

Theater Review: “What the Constitution Means to Me”

By Camila Cruz, age 16

Forward Theater’s production of “What the Constitution Means to Me,” directed by Jen Uphoff Gray, captures audiences with its unique approach to considering the United States Constitution.

Leading actress Colleen Madden of American Players Theater portrays playwright and protagonist Heidi Schreck in this autobiographical play. Madden opens the play by introducing herself as Heidi Schreck and explaining her connection to the Constitution. As a high schooler, Schreck competed in constitutional speech and debate contests, for which she earned college scholarships. At age 15, Schreck loved the Constitution and its study, and she felt deeply inspired by this “living document.”

The first part of the play revolves around 50-year-old Schreck “recreating” one of her high school competitions. She acts like her polite and invigorated 15-year-old self. But she also pauses her reenactment to comment on how her understanding of amendments and clauses has deepened through time and experience. [Read More]

Teotihuacán, Mesoamerica’s City of Gods and Pyramids

by Edwin Torres, age 12

Teotihuacán was an ancient city in Modern-Day Mexico that was once known as Mesoamerica’s biggest city; the city was even bigger than Rome. Teotihuacán is an Aztec name meaning “place of the gods.” The population was around 50,000-100,000 people and the city covered an area over eight square miles. It was a sophisticated city, with religious buildings, wide streets, and private houses. According to local legend, it has been said that the sun and the moon were born in Teotihuacán. Not a lot is known about the daily life and customs of its people. However, we do know that the people of Teotihuacán praised certain gods. The rain god and the jaguar were two important figures for them. That was discovered by studying the engravings on religious temples. This civilization was advanced because of how carefully the city was built. They had a grid system that controlled the access to water.

Teotihuacán is dominated by two main pyramids: the Pyramid of the Moon and the Pyramid of the Sun. There are also two monumental public places at the heart of the city: the Citadel and the Great Compound. The Great Compound has two big platforms on several building stands. The Citadel played a religious role, approached by a stairway. The platform supported another pyramid, the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, which rose to about seventy feet in the tiers made of richly carved sculptures. The stone serpent heads coming from the tiers appear alarming to this day.

Local supplies such as obsidian were important for trading in a chiefly agricultural economy. The high-quality murals suggest that the people from Teotihuacán were good at art, but evidence of human sacrifice during the years of decline points to a more barbaric side of their culture. Nobody knows how Teotihuacán came to an end, but somewhere around the eighth century, the city had been burned and sacked. [Read More]

Hanno the Navigator Explored Africa's Coast in Ancient Times

by Aissata Bah, age 14

Hanno the Navigator, from Tunisia, Africa, was one of the most important explorers of the 5th century B.C. His journey down the coast of Africa, took him thousands of miles, as he mapped new landmarks.

It’s believed Hanno was a king and seemed to be born into a family fascinated with science, geography, and exploration. From his home city of Carthage, he sailed south in search of new resources and trading opportunities, bringing cultural exchange, an important aspect of African history.

Hanno sailed to various places in Africa. He was best known for his naval exploration off the western coast of Africa. However, the only record of his long voyage is in a periplus (manuscript), a document listing ports, coastal landmarks, and approximate distances. The ships in this era weren’t meant for rigorous sailing as they were made out of wood and had a single sail. Also, considering the technology and knowledge of the time, compasses weren’t used in sailing and instead, people had to depend on the stars for navigation. [Read More]

Wisconsin's Dairy History from Wheat Fields to Cheese

by Allison Wallace, age 11

When people think about Wisconsin, most individuals think of the dairy industry, however, that was not always the case.

The cattle industry landed in the U.S. in 1707. Some cows were brought to Wisconsin by the British-American fur trade. Unlike now, these were only beef animals. In 1838 dairy cows were introduced to the state. In the 1850’s and early 1860’s, the wheat industry was much bigger than its dairy counterpart. Not many people were selling dairy to a mass market. Dairy farmers mostly traded with local stores and neighbors and used milk, butter, and cheese in their households.

This changed in the late 1860s when wheat prices fell because wheat producers struggled due to overused land, crop diseases, chinchbug infestation, and lowering prices. This allowed the dairy industry to take off. [Read More]

Ancient Human Footprints Found in White Sands National Park Raise Questions

by Dani Garduno Martinez, age 11

Many people usually imagine mammoths, dinosaurs, and ancient beasts when considering fossils. However, a large majority of people miss an important category: human fossils. A recent discovery was made in White Sands National Park in New Mexico.

Many people down by the White Sands National Park have been buzzing with excitement because of the discovery of the human footprints. They were found and began to be studied in 2021. According to archaeologists, these fossils may be one of the oldest fossils that affirm humans originating from North America. Archeologists have been able to strengthen this argument since recent data shows that footprints have been there for 21,000 to 23,000 years ago. Yet some archeologists wonder if these fossils may really be from our ancestors from the Americas.

These human fossils may not be as old as they seem to be. Archeologists and scientists debate whether ancient seeds of aquatic plant life may have absorbed old carbon, making their original reported age invalid. In the process of finding fossils, they also found a big cluster of quartz grains and conifer pollen, which they used to confirm the original statement. [Read More]

Chichen Itza Blends Maya and Toltec Civilization

by Kimberly Rodriguez, age 11

In the tenth century AD, the Maya civilization lived in Chichen Itza. Located in Mexico, it was an important site to the Mayans and later to the Toltec warriors.

The Toltec warriors took over Chichen Itza from the Mayan people and made it a better version of their capital, Tula. The temple of the warriors contained countless carved objects like pieces of art, including jaguar and eagle motifs to represent the Toltec warriors. The Toltec warriors were a very strong civilization that conquered Teotihuacan. They ruled over Mexico from the mid-10th to mid-12th century AD

El Castillo is known as a pyramid temple dedicated to the ruler god Kukulcan. It is depicted as a feathered serpent deity and is carved along the staircase of the temple. Due to its detailed architecture, shadows of the staircase outline the serpent descending from the temple. The Mayans ' years cycle was also a very important part of their culture and they included it in the temple as well. [Read More]

The Ghost Ship from a Christmas Past

by Sandy Flores-Ruiz, age 18

On Nov. 22, 1912, the Rouse Simmons embarked on its journey from Michigan to Chicago, carrying Christmas trees. However, as families gathered at the port, their anticipation turned to concern when the vessel failed to arrive. The absence of the ship cast a shadow over the hope for Christmas that year. Once full of life, the boat was now on the bottom of the lake.

The Rouse Simmons was a 123-foot ship built in Milwaukee in 1868. Its voyage that day was one of its dozens of tree deliveries. Captain Herman Schuenemann, affectionately known as Captain Santa, led this family business with unparalleled generosity, ferrying Christmas joy from Michigan's Upper Peninsula to Chicago.

Before departure, the captain's daughter sensed that something was wrong. She pleaded with her father to delay or delegate the task, but his determination to bring Christmas prevailed. Despite the ship's unsuitability to weather the formidable storm of the decade—riddled with leaks, rat infestations, and confronting winds raging at 60-80 mph in winter—he assured her of a timely return. Many of his crew members refused to board, so it was estimated that 16 or 23 men were on board. [Read More]

The Journey of Pelé, Brazil's Soccer Maestro

by Edwin Torres, age 12

Pelé has been considered one of the best soccer players in the world by many. He has been the only player to win three World Cups. How did he get the title “Best Soccer Player”? Well, we are going to have to go all the way back to his early life in Brazil.

Pelé, whose actual name was Edson Arantes Do Nascimento, was born in Três Corações, Brazil, on October 23, 1940. Pelé grew up in poverty, and was really passionate about soccer. Since he could not afford a good ball to practice with, he kicked a rolled-up sock stuffed with rags around his neighborhood. The kids in his neighborhood called him “Pele” for no specific reason. He did not like it, but the name stuck to him.

When he was a young teenager, he joined a youth team managed by a former player from Brazil’s soccer team. At age 15, Pelé left his home to join the Santos professional club, which was five hours away. A few months after he joined the club, he scored the first goal of his professional soccer career. The Brazilian national team spotted his spectacular skills on the field, and recruited him to play for the team at the early age of 16. [Read More]

Ray Charles: A Soulful Genius and Pioneer of Musical Innovation

by Atisse Robbins, age 12

Ray Charles was born September 23, 1930, in Albany, Georgia. Ray was a highly influential American musician who left an amazing mark on the music industry.

He was known as “The Genius.” Charles revolutionized popular music by seamlessly blending various genres such as rhythm, blues, gospel, jazz, and country. His extraordinary talent as a singer, songwriter, and pianist, combined with his innovative approach to music, earned him a lasting legacy as one of the most celebrated and respected musicians of the 20th century.

Ray Charles was born into a modest family and began losing his sight due to glaucoma at a young age. Despite this challenge, he displayed an early affinity for music by teaching himself how to play the piano by ear. The sounds of jazz, blues, and gospel-influenced Ray. Charles honed his musical style which would later spread worldwide. In the 1940s, Charles embarked on his musical journey performing in the vibrant Florida music scene. Inspired by jazz pianists like Art Tatum and Nat King Cole, he soon ventured into rhythm and blues, infusing it with gospel to create a soulful and expressive sound. [Read More]

Muhammad Ali: The Unmatched Legacy of a Boxing Legend

by Iliyan Hoskins, age 10

Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr., more commonly known as Muhammad Ali, was a professional boxer who achieved many accomplishments, including an olympic gold medal in 1960 in Rome and a world heavyweight championship title. Throughout Ali’s career, he faced much success and controversy that would make him a household name.

On January 17, 1942, Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr. was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his father Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. Clay's mother was Odessa O’Grady Clay. Clay was born dyslexic, so it was hard for him to learn in school and it caused him some trouble throughout his life.

When Clay was 12, a thief stole his bike. Clay’s boxing coach, Joe E. Martin, and a police officer saw Clay upset over the incident and at that moment, Martin encouraged Clay to try boxing. [Read More]

The Grand Canyon's Last Mule Mail Route

by Dulce Vazquez, age 15

A few people living in the Grand Canyon still receive mail through mules. This is most likely one of the last official mail through mule routes in the world, according to Daniel Piazza, the patron curator of philately at the Smithsonian National Postal Museum.

Mail has been delivered by mule since 1930. Mules still carry mail to people who live in Supai, located in the Grand Canyon, outside of National Park Service jurisdiction. Supai is only accessible by hiking, taking a helicopter, rafting down the Colorado River, or by riding a mule: Mule trips take three to five hours down and back up.

Mules carry a limit of 200 pounds at a time while delivering items. This is why only one or two mules are on route every day. Mail is not the only thing being delivered by mule: food is also delivered. The majority of deliveries by mule is food, according to Piazza as a lot of people live approximately 45 minutes away from the nearest town. The U.S. Postal Service has a lot of dedication to their deliveries. [Read More]

The History and Evolution of Majorette Dancing

by Atisse Robbins, age 12

Majorettes encompass more than just dancing; they hold a significant cultural role, particularly in Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), as a tribute to Black culture.

The first majorette performance, known to history, occurred in 1968 at the Orange Blossom Classic in Florida. Alcorn State University introduced the first majorette group, the Golden Girls, composed of eight dancers. Originally, majorettes were carnival performers who skillfully manipulated their batons. Originating as Dansmarietjes, this style made its way to the American South and evolved into the HBCU tradition we recognize today.

Majorettes incorporate various dance styles like jazz, hip-hop, ballet, burlesque, kick lines, and bucking to both entertain audiences and pay homage to those who paved the way. At Alcorn State University, Junior Jakayla Loften is a member of the Golden Girls, and she credits her participation to personal growth, both as a dancer and as a woman. [Read More]

Secrets of the Ice: Archaeologists Discover Ancient Arrowhead inside a Melting Glacier

by Camila Cruz, age 15

As glaciers begin to melt, archaeologists in Scandinavia are discovering artifacts that help them learn more about the past. Recently, researchers found a well-preserved 1,500-year-old arrow, in what they believe is an ancient hunting ground.

The archaeologists who discovered the arrow are part of “Secrets Of The Ice”, a group of scientists and glacial archaeologists in Norway who explore and pinpoint glaciers. This arrow is not just any arrow. Not only is it believed to be older than the Vikings that inhabited the land from roughly 800-1100 AD, but it is also extremely well preserved.

The arrow was found between two rocks in Norway in an area where ancient people likely hunted reindeer. The archeologists think that the arrow was lost in the snow when one of the hunters missed a shot. Archaeologists believe the arrow was frozen into a glacier, and when the glacier melted it made its way down to where it was found. The fletching which helps stabilize the arrow while it’s flying is gone, but the arrowhead is still attached to the shaft, which is a unique discovery. [Read More]

The Dead Sea's Lifelessness, Ancient Wealth, and Healing Wonders

by Kevin Chen, age 15

Though the Dead Sea sounds like a scary place, the same reasons this body of water can not support plant or animal life made it a valuable resource in the ancient world. Back in the Roman era (476 C.E.), salt was considered highly valuable, so much so that Roman soldiers would be paid in salt, instead of money. The Latin word “salary” came from the word “salt”.

The Dead Sea, actually a lake, has had different names throughout history such as the Salt Sea and the Sea of the Plain. It is one of the four saltiest bodies of water in the whole world, containing up to 10 times as many minerals and salts as most oceans. Due to its high salinity, there are not any plants or animals that inhabit the Dead Sea. This excessive amount of salt and mineral concentration is because of the warm climate which causes water to evaporate. This drastically reduces the water-to-salt ratio in the lake. The lake is so salty that people can float on it.

The Dead Sea has also been known to have healing powers. The salt and minerals in the lake can be beneficial for skin diseases. The oxygen rate is 5% higher than most places on Earth, which can also help those with asthma and arthritis. The black mud found around the Dead Sea was once used as soap in ancient Greece because it could penetrate pores and nourish the skin. Now, multiple hotels around the Dead Sea provide an opportunity to try the benefits of the world’s first health resort. [Read More]

The History of Pringles Chips

by Moore Vang, age 14

In the 1950s, the company Procter & Gamble wanted to design a chip that

did not break, had flavor and had a new shape. After nearly a century, Pringles has generated popularity around the world and is one of the best chips out there.

A chemist named Fredric Baur created the design of the Pringle, which was [Read More]

Lake Chad: A Vital Ecosystem and Historic Hub of Civilization

by Dayanis Torres-Cruz, age 13

Lake Chad is made up of 17,000 square kilometers of fresh water located at the midpoint of dunes that stretch across Nigeria, Niger, Chad, and Cameroon. Lake Chad has a rich history, but scientists say that the lake's water level changes based on rain and dry seasons, and its habitat surroundings are changing.

The ecosystem in Lake Chad has a variety of open waters, some permanent and others temporary. These bodies of water contain helpful nutrients that sustain the biodiversity in the lake. Many animals, such as hippopotamuses, Nile crocodiles, tortoises, sea turtles, otters, a few native birds, migratory birds, and about 120 types of fish all call Lake Chad home.

Historically, Lake Chad was settled around 500 BC at the earliest. The ancient Sao civilization had a deep history and connection to Lake Chad. Their history traces back to the Paleolithic age and it is believed that the Sao civilization came to Lake Chad from the Nile valley around the fifth century. The Sao civilization, one of the oldest known, left remains of architecture, showing that they lived by fishing and farming, and were very creative people. [Read More]

What was Life Like in the Ice Age?

by Kaleab Afeworki, age 11

The Ice Age was a cold time period where wooly mammoths roamed free, sea levels were at bay, and isthmuses served as a natural means of transportation.

Historically, there have been five major Ice Ages, with the first dating 2.3 billion years ago. During the first Ice Age, a huge layer of ice that was more than 650 feet thick encoated one-third of the Earth. Today, leftover ice still covers Greenland and Antarctica.

The book World History Encyclopedia states, “Since the Quaternary Ice Age, there have been 17 glacial (cold) and 17 interglacial (warm) periods.” Ice Ages start from the Earth changing its direction in its path as it orbits the Sun. The first Ice Age was called the Huronian Glaciation. Right now, we are living in the Holocene, a geological time period that began 11,700 years ago after the most recent major Ice Age. [Read More]

120-Million-Year-Old Dinosaur Fossil Sheds Light on Bird Evolution

by Dayanara Flores Gonzalez, 15

Scientists have just discovered a 120-million-year-old fossil that could help us learn more about landbound dinosaurs and their evolution into flying birds.

The Cratonavis Zhui bird was revealed to have a dinosaur-like head and a body similar to that of today's birds.

This bird originated from the northeast region of China. CT scans found its skull to be nearly identical to that of a theropod dinosaur, similar to the Tyrannosaurus Rex. The Chinese Academy of Sciences reports that the Cratonavis skull had not evolved its mobile upper jaw like other birds. [Read More]

Milwaukeean becomes first Black woman mathematician to have her papers in Library of Congress manuscript collection

by Hanna Eyobed, age 17

Gloria Ford Gilmer was an expert at ethnomathematics: how math manifests itself into the lives of cultures all around the world. She was a Black woman who dedicated her life to math: both the learning and teaching of it.

Gilmer received many of her accolades after her passing in August 2021. A historian of science and technology at the Library of Congress’ Manuscript Division, Josh Levy, reached out to Gilmer's family to uncover work that had been stored away. Gilmer left a legacy of success and transcending the odds; her files, documents, photographs, and VHS tapes were held in 64 bankers boxes and are now maintained in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress, an honor that has not been held by a Black woman before her. Her work is now able to be examined and used for further research for other historians to explore for educational purposes.

Gilmer paved the way for Black intellectuals to follow. With her concentration in ethnomathematics, Gilmer taught all over Milwaukee, including the Milwaukee Area Technical College, the University of Wisconsin- Milwaukee, and various Milwaukee public schools. She was the first Black educator in many of the spaces she entered. There were many firsts in Gilmer's career, such as first Black person to earn a doctorate from Marquette University, first Black woman to sit on the Board of Governors for the Mathematical Association of America, and first Black woman to have her papers kept in the Library of Congress’ Manuscript Division. [Read More]

The African Kingdom of Kush Lasted Almost 2,000 Years

by Anissa Attidekou, age 13

In Africa's vast and storied history, the Kingdom of Kush is a shining example of the continent’s rich and diverse civilizations. The kingdom was established in what is present-day Sudan. Kush thrived from 800 BCE to 300 AD for over a thousand years. The kingdom of Kush rose to become a formidable power in Northeast Africa, leaving an indelible mark on the region’s history.

The Kush developed a distinct culture that was influenced by Egypt and Rome. Two of its major cities are located in the White and Blue Nile. Pharaohs were drawn to the kingdom's resources and launched their military to capture them. The Kush people worshiped similar gods and practiced identical rituals such as mummification and pyramid-building. Egypt was eventually weakened by outside invaders and Kush became independent around 1,800 BC.

Kush’s prosperity was deeply rooted in its control of trade routes. Its position allowed it to be a trading link between the civilizations of the Mediterranean and those of sub-Saharan Africa. This trade brought wealth and cultural exchange that developed the kingdom. [Read More]

Remembering Toni Morrison, USPS to Honor Renowned Novelist with Commemorative Stamp

by Riya Adhikari, age 11

Toni Morrison was a famous novelist who wrote non-fiction books about African Americans. She passed away on August 5th, 2019 at the age of 88 years old.

The United States Postal Service (USPS) is designing a stamp in honor of Toni Morrison. She wrote about the struggles of being an African American in the United States and created a voice for many people.

Toni Morrison's writing was beautifully created and artistically worded. Some of her most famous novels are “Beloved,” “The Bluest Eye,” and “Song of Solomon.” After writing some of her best work, she taught literature and writing at Princeton University for 17 years. [Read More]

Exploring the Architectural Wonder of Istanbul's Blue Mosque — by Mahalia Pearson, age 13

The Blue Mosque is located in Istanbul, Turkey. It is an architectural masterpiece constructed and preserved since the Ottoman Empire. Its unique design, both structurally and within its interior, makes it an attraction for people worldwide. [Read More]

Rosetta Nubin Was the Guitar-Playing “Godmother” of Rock and Roll — by Riya Adhikari, age 12

Rosetta Nubin was an incredible singer who mixed her church roots with the blues. Despite being dubbed "The Godmother of Rock and Roll," her achievements and diverse musical abilities remain relatively unknown. [Read More]

Lamborghini Turned a Passion for Machinery into a Global Car Legacy — by Jeronimo Rosero, age

Ferruccio Lamborghini invented the famous Lamborghini sports car. He was born in Renazzo, Italy, in 1916. Growing up on his family’s farm in the Ferrara province, he developed a passion and skill for working with machinery. [Read More]

Battles and Behaviors of Prehistoric Beasts — by Iliyan Hoskins, age 10

Dinosaurs in prehistoric times had unique methods to catch their prey and protect themselves from predators. Fossil evidence has unveiled fascinating glimpses of battles among different dinosaur species, shedding light on their behaviors. [Read More]

The Wright Brothers: American Inventors and Pioneers of Aviation — by Max Moreno, age 10

In December 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright, often known as the Wright brothers, built the first successful piloted aircraft. It was a propelled two-seater plane and flew 120 feet, lasting 12 seconds in the air. [Read More]

The Connection Between Animals and Ancient Egyptian Gods — by Marco Flores Gonzales, age 9

Did you know many Ancient Egyptian gods had animal heads? For example, Sobek had a crocodile head, Ra Harakitti had a bird head, and Anubis was a jackal. [Read More]

How Codebreakers Turned the Tide at Midway — by Shahad Al Quraishi, age 15

The Battle of Midway was a major turning point during World War II. It was a battle that ultimately altered Japanese plans and the fluctuation of power in the Pacific. The battle took place on a small island named Midway in the Pacific Ocean. At the time, this island was home to a United States base, but it offered the perfect location for Japan to station their own forces for an attack on Pearl Harbor. [Read More]

Behind the Deadly Hiroshima Bombing — by Hiba Al-Quraishi, age 14

On August 9, 1945, the United States ended World War II at a terrible human cost by dropping the “Fat Man” nuclear implosive bomb in Nagasaki. This was three days after the atomic uranium bomb named “Little Boy” had decimated Hiroshima. [Read More]

How Early Jazz Developed in New Orleans — by Aissata Bah, age 12

There are many opinions of what is important in jazz history, specifically in New Orleans. The musical genre contains history that takes roots in colonization, slavery and much more. [Read More]

Local Observatory Renamed For STEM Pioneer Jocelyn Bell Burnell — by Mariah Justice, age 17

“Astronomy compels the soul to look upward, and leads us from this world to another,” said Greek philosopher Plato. With the renaming event on September 7 for the Bell Burnell Observatory— previously the Oscar Mayer Observatory—Madison has a new facility for cultivating the exploration of astronomy. [Read More]

The Fire that Reached From Alberta to Pennsylvania — by Dyanara Flores-Gomez, age 14

In early June of 1950, a fire started in northern Alberta, Canada, and spread through northeastern British Columbia. It burned four million acres of land. This fire became the largest fire in North America and was named the Chinchaga fire. It was also known as the Wisp fire or Fire 19. [Read More]

The Viking Tale of Gudrid Thorbjarnardóttir — by Aissata Bah, age 12

If you know who Vikings were, you might think that the men were stronger, more courageous and adventurous than the women, but that is not the case. There is evidence that suggests Viking women were just as brave and capable as the men. One of those women was Gudrid. [Read More]

2.5-Yard Elephant Tusk Fossil Discovered in Israel — by Desteny Alvarez, age 17

Researchers in Israel recently found a 2.5-yard-long fossil that belonged to a long-extinct straight-tusked elephant. It is believed to be the largest fossil ever found at a prehistoric site in the country. [Read More]

Germany's Fairytale Castle Come to Life — by Dayanara Flores Gonzalez, age 14

Neuschwanstein is a castle that is located in Germany, which took 17 years to construct. It took 15 men to carve the king's bed and it took them 4 ½ years to finish. Neuschwanstein was a fairytale brought to life. [Read More]

Low Water Levels in Mississippi River
Expose Artifacts and History — by Owen Ayite-Atayi, age 15

The Mississippi River is the second longest river in the United States and is 2,340 miles long. Although the Mississippi River is a majestic river, there are still many mysteries in this river, especially regarding its artifacts. [Read More]

Science Fiction Writer, Octavia Butler, Recognized by NASA — by Elim Eyobed, age 11

Who is your favorite writer? Hemingway? Shakespeare? Well, one great writer you may have never heard of is Octavia E. Butler. Butler was an esteemed African American author who was recently recognized by NASA for her groundbreaking talents. NASA scientists even named a Mars landing site after her. [Read More]

From Water to Land Back to Water Again: the Evolution of the Qikitania — by Giovanni Tecuatl Lopez, age 17

There are many speculations regarding evolution and how it took place. Many think of evolution as a linear timeline; but this is not always the case and such can be seen in creatures like the Qikitania and Tiktaalik. [Read More]

The Greatness of Hank Aaron — by Owen Ayite-Atayi, age 14

Hank Louis Aaron was one of the greatest African-American Major League Baseball (MLB) players. Hank was known for breaking Babe Ruth’s Hall Of Fame and Most Valuable Player (MVP) home run record. He hit 755 career home runs, to Ruth who racked up 714 hits for the Boston Red Sox. [Read More]

The Surprising History Behind Tulips — by Abigail Gezae, age 10

Tulips are popular flowers that come in several types, 75 to be exact. If you were wondering, the name tulip comes from the Turkish language. [Read More]

Mount Everest: The Colossal Climb — by Aarosh Subedi, age 10

Mount Everest is one of the Himalayas' tallest mountains in the world and lies in the continent of Asia. [Read More]

The Deadliest Hurricane in Honduras' History — by Dayanara Flores Gonzalez, age 14

Striking in 1974, Hurricane Fifi was one of the largest and most dangerous hurricanes in Honduras’ History. Hurricane Fifi swept through more than half of the people’s homes and left more than 100,000 to 150,000 people homeless. When the hurricane struck, thousands were left without food and shelter. [Read More]

How Submarines Sparked Arctic Exploration — by Daniel Li, age 14

Built-in 1952, the USS Nautilus was the first submarine ever powered by a nuclear reactor and, coincidentally, also the first to ever reach the North Pole by traveling under ice. William Anderson, the commander of the Nautilus, wrote in his logbook, “Embarked following personage at North Pole: Santa Claus, affiliation: Christmas.” Spending multiple days underwater had not seemed to affect the commander’s sense of humor. [Read More]

History of Argentina’s “Dirty War” Era — by Valeria Moreno Lopez, age 15

History classes often overlook the history of Latin countries. Sometimes that’s true no matter how tragic events were. Nearly five decades ago, Argentina’s military government unleashed a seven-year war against its own people. In what would become known as the Dirty War, thousands of victims mysteriously “disappeared.” Most were imprisoned, tortured, and murdered. [Read More]

The Mysterious Story Behind America's Lost Snow Cruiser — by Jazmin Becerril, age 14

During the United States Antarctic Expedition Service of 1939, an amazing new vehicle – unlike any other – was used. The creator, Thomas Poulter, came up with the idea for a huge mobile vehicle base after experiencing a near-death situation in which he was stuck at an Antarctic base due to the weather. He sold his idea to the Research Foundation of the Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois in the mid-1930s which agreed to design the vehicle under Poulter’s supervision. [Read More]

Two Lost Ships Discovered at the Bottom of Lake Michigan — by Jeremiah Warren, age 11

Can you imagine diving in a lake and finding a shipwreck? It’s estimated that there are 6,000 shipwrecks in the bottom of the great lakes. Bernie Hellstrom, a diver, was one who found two ships – Peshtigo and St. Andrews – in the depths of Lake Michigan. Both of these ships collided more than 140 years ago. [Read More]

Historians Study in Planet Earth’s Oldest Library — by Shahad Al Quraishi, age 15

The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, also referred to by many as the first library in the world, is considered one of the most important creations in human history. The library, which is located in present-day Iraq near Mosul, was created and built by the sixth Neo-Assyrian king, Ashurbanipal. [Read More]

Learn the Tragic Story Behind the Monstrous Medusa — by Anissa Attidekou, age 12

Medusa: the most common thought would be a hideous woman with snakes for hair. Believe it or not, Medusa was not always like this. Her story is a long and heartbreaking one. [Read More]

The Mammal that Helped Take Over the Globe — by Ayelen Flores Ruiz, age 12

Researchers have discovered a prehistoric mammal with a two to five years life cycle that they call the Manbearpig. The mammal’s short lifespan is likely due to their months-long pregnancy, a trait scientists believe helped mammals dominate the world after the extinction of the dinosaurs. [Read More]

What Life Was Like for Wisconsin's Early People — by Max Moreno, age 9

It is challenging to think about what life was like a thousand years ago. However, how about thinking all the way back to 10,000 years ago, when Wisconsin Natives were constructing living areas, tools, and mounds. [read more]

The Life of a Young Egypt King: King Tutankhamun — by Justin Medina, age 13

King Tutankhamun, better known as King Tut, was ancient Egypt’s youngest Pharaoh being only nine years old. He was largely erased from history until his tomb was discovered in the early 1900s. His tomb and mummy continue to be studied today using high-tech tools. [Read More]

The Tragic Story of Beautiful Egyptian Goddess Isis — by Emily Rodriguez Lima, age 13

Hieroglyphics depict tragically beautiful tales of the gods and goddesses of Ancient Egypt such as Isis, whose myth brims with mystical magic, selfless healing, lethal wars, and even brooding beheadings. Historians uncovered her story through pyramid stones that date back to the 2350 and 2100 BCE period. [Read More]

Researchers Discover Secrets Within Ancient Library — by Ashley Mercado, age 13

We are still finding long-lost languages thanks to discoveries of researchers at ancient libraries. One of the world’s oldest libraries, Saint Catherine’s Monastery, is still in use today. Here, thousands of ancient texts were found. [Read More]

Who Created These Mysterious Pillars in Ireland? — by Jonah Smith, age 14

Strange pillars reside in County Antrim, Ireland. They have an unusual shape that appears to be man made. These tightly wedged pillars descend in tiers, in a staircase all the way down to the sea. These columns are mostly hexagonal, though the number of sides these structures have may vary. Although their shape implies that they are manufactured, the complete opposite is true. [Read More]

The History Behind Zodiac Signs — by Emily Bautista, age 13

Zodiac signs are a topic of mystery for many people. Many people do not know how they came to be or what they are used for. [Read More]

How the Carlisle Indians Became a College Football Powerhouse — by Owen Ayite-Atayi, age 16

Richard Henry Pratt, an abolitionist, created a college football powerhouse team called the Carlisle Indians that dominated in the 20th century. Pratt believed that Native Americans should be included in American society. [Read More]

Behind Prince, the Dynamic Pop Legend — by Elim Eyobed, age 11

If you live and breathe air, you have definitely heard of Prince. His album, “1999”, almost singled him out as one of the greatest musicians of all time. Prince Rogers Nelson was born on June 7, 1958. His father, John Nelson, was a jazz pianist, and Mattie Nelson, his mother, was a vocalist. His life at home was not stable, so at the age of 12, he left and was adopted by the Anderson family. [Read More]

Volcano Explosion Shoots Water into Space — by Theodore Morrison, age 15

A volcanic eruption that occurred in the Pacific Ocean on January 12, 2022 reserved itself a spot in history when it ejected its water vapor into space for the first time in recorded history. [Read More]

Catherine the Great Reformed Russia with an Iron Fist — by Haliah Berkowitz, age 12

Catherine the Great was a German princess, who married the Grand Dux Peter, and did many amazing things for her country. She also died in a way not many would imagine. [Read More]

The End of Brazil's Soccer "Golden Age" — by Moore Vang, age 14

Brazil’s national team has had many achievements, beginning with winning their first ever World Cup in 1958. Illustrator John Mulliken from Sports Illustrated wrote about their win saying, “Brazil itself went wild.” Brazil may have looked impressive, but in some people's eyes that was not the case. The French leader by the name of Charles de Gaulle in 1963 stated, “Brazil, that is not a serious country.” During this time many people doubted Brazil, but Brazil was very ambitious about soccer. [Read More]

How One of China's Most Beautiful Attractions Saved Lives — by Sedona Afeworki, age 14

Where would be a good place to hide if something bad ever happened? The Guilin Hills is a place in China where many people hid during World War II and the following civil war when clashing armies turned the region into a battlefield. The hills also have a lot of caves, one of many ways they’ve played a role in Chinese history. [Read More]

William Bebee Pushed Barriers in Scuba Diving — by Marie Pietz, age 11

Exploring the sea is something that most of us don’t think about, but it’s important to understand the dangers of it as well as seeing how it can be successfully accomplished. [Read More]

A Rare Piece of Wisconsin History: Most Expensive Bike Ever Sold at Auction — by Jules Da Costa, age 15

The most expensive bike ever sold at an auction was a 1908 Strap Tank Harley-Davidson, which happens to be a rare piece of Wisconsin history. [Read More]

How Humans Harnessed Fire — by Sedona Afeworki, age 14

Fire, a chemical reaction, is the burning of a combustible substance with oxygen, fuel, and heat. The reaction radiates heat and light. There are various uses for fire such as to cook food, to keep warm, and to light a candle. However, how did early humans use fire to their advantage? [Read More]

Scientists Find T-Rex Ancestor in Montana — by Mariama Bah, age 16

"Fossils Unearthed in Montana: Potential Ancestors of the Mighty T. rex Discovered" [Read More]

Tony Bennett's Remarkable Basketball Journey from Player to NCAA Championship Coach — by Owen Atayi, age 15

Tony Bennett is currently a National College Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball head coach for the Virginia Cavaliers. However, Bennett isn’t simply just a coach; he was first a great basketball player. [Read More]

The Life, Legacy, and Tragic End of Selena — by Elim Eyobed, age 12

Selena Quintanilla Perez or simply Selena was a bilingual singer and performer in the early 1990s, and was later murdered on March 31, 1995. [Read More]

Arizona’s Beautiful and Mysterious Apache Trail — by Mahalia Pearson, age 12

The Apache Trail was completed through the Superstition Mountains in 1911, but construction began in 1904. These two landmarks are located in Arizona. The roughly 40-mile trail was used for stagecoaches by the Mexican, Spanish, and American settlers. The settlers learned the trail from the Native Americans who resided in the area. The trail was named after the Apache Native Americans and other Native American tribes. [Read More]

Remembering Jim Brown: NFL Legend's Impact Beyond Sports, from Athletics to Activism — by Katina Maclin, age 17

Jim Brown, two-time NFL champion and four-time league MVP, recently passed away. Although he was well-known for his achievements in the NFL, his impact reached far beyond the world of sports. [Read More]

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